BIO MOLECULES p2 Flashcards
Hydrogen bond + what happends if iodine amyolse complex heated at very high temp
- Via condensation reaction between O2 + H+
- Between electro- and electro+
- H+ break
- Helix breaks
- Iodine released
DISULPHIDE BOND
A STRONG COVALENT bond formed between SULFUR atoms of R groups of 2 cysteine AA.
GLYCOSIDIC BOND
A covalent bond formed when 2 carbohydrate mol joined via condensation reaction
General formula for cellulose
(C6H10O5)n
Collagen
1) structural FIBROUS protein
2) found in tendons, skin, cartilage = NOT parallel gives strength in diff directions
3) 3 polypeptide chains
- glycine allows tight coiling of pp= triple helix
- forms H+ w/ C=O of other pp in triple helix
4) Primary ss held via peptide bonds
6) every 3rd AA
- covalent bonds between R groups + STRONG
Fibrous proteins// collagen
1) proteins that form long strands/polypeptide chain
2) INSOLUABLE
3) have structural roles
4) eg, actin, myosin, keratin, collagen
Quaternary structure
2/++ polypeptides
- held together by 4 bonds
- collagen = fibrous + 3 polypep chain
- hemoglobin = globular + 4 polypep chain
- multiple polypeptide chains and/or non-protein (prosthetic) groups link = LARGE PROTEINS
Hemoglobin
- PRIMARY SS= sequence of AA joined by peptide bonds
- SECONDARY SS= alpha helix + B pleated sheets + folding + H+
- TERTIARY SS= polypep chain further coiling
- 3 bond interactions: disulphide, ionic, polar hydrophilic R-groups on outside of mol/ hydrophobic R-groups on inside
4.QUANT SS= 4 polypeptide chains , 2 ALPHA- globin + 2 BETA-globin
- 1 haem group per polypeptide, 4 heams per mol
4. Haem/prosthetic group contains Fe2+ combines w 1 oxygen = oxyhemoglobin (cooperative binding)
- Responsible for color of Hb = Purple–> bright red when oxidized
- spherical
- soluble / forms H+ w water
Primary structure
- seuquence of amino acids bonded via covalent peptide bonds
- specific for each protein
molecular formula of maltose + sucrose
C12H22O11
formula of ribose
C5H10O5
PROTEIN TEST
-sample of the sol placed in a test tube
- equal vol of sodium hydroxide solution is added at room temp
- ++ Biuret ‘reagent added & mixed
- blue to purple = PRESENT (peptide bonds detected)
What is the name of the group that all fatty acids have?
- Carboxyl group (-COOH)
What is the effect of double bonds in hydrocarbon chains?
-mol bend = prevents close packing
- so liquids at room temperature
How is the structure of triglycerides related to their properties?
- HIGH ratio of C:H = good energy source
-LOW mass:energy ratio = energy stored in small vol - large & non-polar= insoluble in water- no effect on water potential
- HIGH ratio of O:H = release water
- 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid
- via condenstaion reaction to make ester bond (OH)
- carboxylic group (COOH) form
- enzyme lipase
Name a substance that lipids are soluble in
ethanol
Name the constituent monomers of maltose
glucose + glucose via condensation reaction (monosaccaride)
Name the constituent monomers of lactose
glucose and galacctose via condensation reaction (monosaccaride)
which mol contain C=O bonds
- AA
- Fatty acids
- Proteins
- glucose (structural)
which carb likely to give brick red color when heated w benedicts reganret sol
- fructose
features of one mol of sucrose when hydrolyzed
- 2 mol of reducing sugar produced
- 1 mol of water produced
which bonds are last to break when enzyme is heated
- disulphide
glycerol
C3H808 formula
state 2 structural differences between fructose + sucrose
Fructose
- no glycosidic bond
- beta glucose
- C6H12O6
- monosaccharide (one sugar unit)
- single ring
- reducing end
Sucrose
- glycosidic bond
- disaccharide (2 sugar units)
- C12H22O11
- non reducing end
- two rings
describe physical properties of water allow survival of orgnisms at range of temps
HIGH LATENT HEAT OF VAPORISATION = removal of large quantities of thermal energy by evap/cooling effect
- Evap is cooling mechanims e.g sweating or reduce rate of water loss by transpiration
HSHC = large amount of energy needed to raise temp by 1ºC
- thermally stable for aquatic life e.g salmon
- use less energy for thermal regulation as internal temp changes slowly
High density /Ice less dense than water = surface provides habitat for organisms/floatation
ST= habitat for invertebrates e.g water striders
Cohesion/adhesion = transpirational pull of water up xylem via adhesion between water mol + cellulose CW
Solvent= medium for metabolic/chemical reactions
Water insulated = doesnt freeze aquatic life
Transparent = allows photosyntheiss for aquatic plants
describe how conc of reducing sugar can be measured using colorimeter
- standard cocn of reducing sugar
- heat w equal vol Benedicts sol each time
- changes to green/yellow/orange/brown/brick red
- remove ppt/obtain filtrate
- calibrate/zero
- using a blank/water
- use red filter
- reading of transmission/absorbance
- more tranmsission = more sugar present
- obtain calibration curve + plot against sugar conc
GLYCOGEN VS CELLULOSE
G then C
- NO H+ vs H+
- 1,4 and 1,6 GB vs 1,4 GB
- branched vs straight
- NO fibres vs fibrils
describe how 2nd AA would bond to cysteine in forming primary ss of protein
- peptide bonds form betwen amine group of 1 AA and OH of carboxyl group on another AA
-Via condensation reaction + water created
explain how to determine rate of hydrolysis of starch
- take sample at regular time intervals
- test for presence of starch//reducing sugar +++ iodine in potassium iodide solution OR Bendicts to sample
- observe color change to determine end point= continue until no blue black color OR until brick red
- TIME TAKEN TO REACH END POINT
- use colorimeter for more quantitative/precise results
- plot graph of amount of starch remaining
[GLOBULAR VS FIBROUS USEING EXAMPLE
FIBROUS:
- Long chain forms H+ w adjacent chains
- Insoluable = few hydrophilic groups
- Strong + have ss role
- collagen has high prop of glycine
- collagen forms crosslinks/Covalent bonds between mol
- ends of mol staggered to AVOID WEAK POINTS
- collagen froms skin/bone/cartlidge
GLOBULAR:
- spherical + soluble
- hydrophilloic R groups facing exterior FORM H+ w water
- Hb carries oxygen
- Hb contains prosthetic group/Fe2+ to bind w O2
- polypep within HB have tertiary ss = ball shape
micelle
Spherical structures with hydrophobic tails inside and hydrophilic heads outside.
If the difference in electronegativity across a bond is > 0.4 (gretater)…its
POLAR
