Animal Transport Flashcards
Why do multicellular organisms need a mass transport system
- constant supply of nutrients e.g glucose
- constant supply of oxygen around body
- water products produced e.g carbon dioxide needs to be continuously removed
Large more active animals e.g humans,fish and birds cannot rely on diffusion alone
- cells are very metabolically active + need rapid supply of oxygen and nutrients
- produce large amounts of waste products that need removal so rely on double pum
Arteries can resist any chain of bp flowing though what allows them to do this?
Thick layer of muscle in tunica media
-arteries to expand + relax
- amount of muscle in artery increases as further AWAY from heart
Thick elastic layer in tunica externa
- vessel to recoil (diastole) + reduces chance of bursting
- stretches when high bP (ventricular systole) = reduced pressure
- so recoil inward as pressure DROPS
- blood flow enerend out
Which components are found in ALL blood,tissue fluid and lymph
- fatty acids AND carbon dioxide
- tissue fluid + lymph formed from plasma and are small dissolved subst found in it = forced out of blood through “leaky” capillary walls —> bathing cells
What is meant by double circulatory system
- blood passes twice through heart during one complete circulation of the body
Loop 1 = pulmonary circulation to oxygenate blood in lungs + remove CO2
Loop 2= systemic circulation that delivers oxygenated blood to all cells/tissue + returns blood higher in CO2 to heart to pass through PCS
What tissues are found in ALL blood vessels?
- endothelial as lining of all BV
- made of squamous epithelium + smooth to reduce friction as blood flows through
Arteriole is small BV leading to capillary bed in tissues and one role is to increase/decrease blood flow to tissue.
Why can arterioles carry out this function?
- Muscular fibers so can contract = narrowing lumen
- Muscle fibers can relax = widening/dilating lumen
- controlling blood flow into capillary bed
LABELLING GRAPH OF BC’S
- Erethrocyte = bioconcave shape + no nucleus
- Lymphocyte= large round nucleus taking up nearly ALL cell vol
- Phagocyte= lobed nucleus
Venules
- formed when all capillaries from capillary bed + join together = large BV/Venules
- Venules JOIN —> Veins
3 layers arteries + veins composed of
- Inner ENDOTHELIAL LINING = made of squamous epithelium/flat layer of cells + smooth —> less friction between moving blood AND elastic fibers
- Middle layer TUNICA MEDIA = smooth muscle —> collagen + elastic fibers
- Outer layer TUNICA EXTERNA = contains elastic fibers + collagen fibers
How are capillaries adapted for their function as exchange vessels?
- One cell thick/thin capillary wall
- Endothelium/epithelium for wall
- Short diffusion distance
- Endothelial pores
- More gas exchange
- Large SA:V
7.Small lumen + slows down flow of rbc’s
BLOOD PLASMA + TISSUE FLUID
- pale yellow colored fluid + flows through capillaries in tissue = leaks through gaps between cells of capillary walls
- spaces filled w leaked plasma = TISSUE FLUID
- Tissue fluid IDENTICAL to blood plasma BUT LESS PROTEIN MOL —> protein mol too big to leak through capillary cell
Why is blood plasma good solvent?
- Water w subst dissolved in it e.g glucose,urea,plasma proteins etc
- Water main component of blood/tissue fluid
- Water able to transport POLAR mol e.g glucose from SI to liver/body cells
- Blood plasma transports heat around body = water high SHC —> absorb lots of thermal energy w/o altering blood temp too quickly
4.High SHC of water in tissue fluid = whole body maintains relatively constant temp
How much fluid leaves the capillary to form tissue fluid via Osmosis?
- occurs due to 2 opposing pressures
- Arterial end of capillary bed = BP in capillary HIGH enough —> push fluid out into tissue
- Tissue fluid DOES NOT have high protein conc that blood plasma has = LOW SOLUTE POTENTIAL
- So by OSMOSIS - water in tissue fluid osmotically moves into capillaries from tissue fluid as water mol move from H-L conc down WG
ROLE OF TISSUE FLUID
- forms immediate environment of each body cell
- exchange of materials between cell + blood via TF
- Homeostasis = maintaining constant internal environment of TF -> OPTIMUM ENVIORNMENT in TF so cells can work best
State ways in which blood at arteriole end differes from blood at Venule end other than CO2 conc AT VENULE END
- Less/low pressure
- Less oxygen/deoxygenated
- Less glucose
- Less water/low WP
- Fewer ions/AA
- More urea
External structure of heart
- contains coronary arteries = oxygenated blood supplied from aorta
- Cardiac muscle interconnecting cells into colums of fibers = CSM tightly joined allowing CONTRACTIONS to occur
- Fibres have SINGLE nucleus + striped/striated AND surrounded by sarcolemea
- Sarcolemme= lost of mitochondria + capillaries
- Fibres connected via intercalated disks = transmits impulse to contract ALL cells simaletnously
Internal ss of heart: LEFT
- Aorta is LARGEST ARTERY = pumps oxygenated blood to rest of body
- Pulmonary vein = brings blood back to heart from lungs
Internal SS of heart: Right
- PA leaves heart -> 2 arteries taking deoxygenated blood to lungs
- Vena cave (2 veins) ring blood to right side of heart + 1 brings blood downward from head AND other 1 brings blood upwards from rest of body
- Septum= blood cannot pass through/prevents mixing of deoxygenated/oxygenated
- Upper chamber is atria + lower ventricles = AV VALVES
- LEFT = bicuspid + RIGHT= tricuspid
LEFT SIDE BF VS. RIGHT SIDE BF
L= PV->LA->Bicuspid valve->LV->Semilunar valves->aorta->BODY
R= Vena cava->RA->Tricuspid valve->RV->Semi lunar valves->PA->LUNGS
Why are walls of LV thicker than right?
- Ventricles need to push blood w more force upon contraction + greater distance than atria needs to
- Contract more forcefully to eject blood to rest of body
Specialized tissue responsible for delaying the conduction of impulses from the atria to the ventricles
- AV node
Explain what causes oxyhemoglobin to dissociate readily in active cells
- Lower pp of O2
- Higher pp of CO2
- Forms carboxyhemglobin
- Carbonic acid dissociate
- Binding of Hb w H+ releases O2
- Hb higher affinity for H+ than O2
- Bohr effect
Why are there more rbc’s produced in higher altitudes
- Compensation to transport same vol of O2 to tissue/cells
- Lower pp of O2 at high altitude
- % saturation of Hb lower/Hb less saturated
- More Hb needed/RBC’s so oxyhemoglobin formed
Cell ingesting and digesting cell debris + bacteria in lungs
- Phagocytes, Macrophage and, neutrophils
ASSOCIATION VS DISSOCIATION
- Association/loading oxygen binding to harm group (4 mol, 8 atoms)
- Dissociation/unloading oxygen leaves erythrocyte/dissociates from harm group + no longer bound to harm group
Percentage saturation of Hb w O2 decreases as ppo of CO2 increases, why?
- Hb has higher affinity for CO2 than O2
2.Hb has higher affinity for H+ than O2
REASONING:
- H+ combine/picks up w Hb = hameglobonic acid
OR
- CO2 combines w Hb = carboxyhemglobin
- stimulates Hb to release more O2 in areas of low po2
- allosteric effect/change in tertiary ss/quant ss
Name the effect of increasing CO2 conc on O2 dissociation curve
- BOHR EFFECT/SHIFT
Myoglobin
- higher affinity for oxygen = relates oxygen
- myoglobin acts as a store for oxygen
- myoglobin has 1/fewer haem groups = NO COOPERTIVE BINDING effects
Lymph
- identical to tissue fluid BUT found in ileum of SI
- made of TF, Fattuy subst and Lymphocytes
- Movement of fluid in lymp
- contraction of muscles around vessels
- valves ensure fluid moves AWAY from tissues to heart
- hydrostatic pressure of TF leaving capillaries
- smooth muscles in walls + contract/push lymph along
2 ways in which composition of blood entering RA differs to blood entering LA
- lower pp/conc of oxygen
- right deoxygenated
- Higher conc of Hydrocarbonate ions
- Higehr conc of glucose
- higher water potential
- higehr stauration of HB w O2
EXAPLIN in how semi lunar valves ensure one way flow of blood
Valves open to allow blood flow from A to V/ in 1 direction
When ventricles contract = valves close or when blood pushed out of V
- RV —> PA
— preventing BF of blood
