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Biology OCR > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Magnification

A

How many times bigger the image observed is in comparison to the actual size

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2
Q

Define Resolution

A

The ability to distinguish between two points

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3
Q

What is the equation for magnification ?

A

Image size = Actual Size x Magnification

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4
Q

How do light microscopes work ?

A

Lenses focus rays of light and magnify the view of a specimen
Reflected light is transmitted to the observer via the objective lens and eyepiece

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5
Q

How do transmission electron microscopes work ?

A

Projects an electron beam through a sample. An electromagnetic beam of electrons is projected onto the sample, and a 2D image is formed.

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6
Q

How do scanning electron microscopes work ?

A

Scanning Electron Microscopes directs an electron beam across a sample. SEM is different from TEM in that it projects electrons across a specimen instead of simply passing electrons through it. Electrons from the specimen which are captured in a special instrument known as a cathode ray tube. Can be used to produce a 3D image

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7
Q

Why do samples need to be stained for light microscopes ?

A

Coloured dye binds to the structures, which facilitates the absorption of wavelengths of lights to produce an image. Staining allows for the differentiation between features

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8
Q

What is the magnification and resolution of a Light microscope ?

A

Resolution - 200 nm
Magnification - x1500

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9
Q

What is the magnification and resolution of a Transmission Electron Microscope ?

A

Resolution - 0.5 nm
Magnification- x500,000

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10
Q

What is the magnification and resolution of a Scanning Electron Microscope ?

A

Resolution - 5 nm
Magnification - x500,000

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11
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus

A

Surrounded by a nuclear envelope, double membraned
Contains nuclear pores
Nucleolus made of RNA

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12
Q

What is the function of the nucleus ?

A

Controls the activities of the cells by controlling transcription

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13
Q

What is the structure of the Rough Endoplasmic reticulum ?

A

Formed from continuous folds of membrane
Contains Ribosomes

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14
Q

What is the Function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ?

A

Involved in Processing and packaging Proteins into vesicles

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15
Q

What is the structure of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ?

A

Formed from continuous folds of membrane
Doesn’t contain ribosomes

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16
Q

What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ?

A

Involved in the production, processing and storage of lipids

17
Q

What is the structure of the Golgi ?

A

Flattened sacs of membrane

18
Q

What is the Function of the Golgi ?

A

Modifies proteins and lipids before packaging them into vesicles

19
Q

What is the Structure of Ribosomes ?

A

Two Subunits of RNA

20
Q

What is the function of Ribosomes ?

A

The Main site of protein synthesis

21
Q

How are Proteins produced ?

A

DNA is transcribed into mRNA
The mRNA exits the nucleus via nuclear pores
mRNA travels to Ribosomes located on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
The Rough Endoplasmic reticulum packages them into vesicles
The Vesicles are transported to the Golgi where they’re modified and repackaged into vesicles
The vesicles travel to the plasma membrane where they fuse with it and exit the cell vis exocytosis

22
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondria ?

A

Double membraned with the inner membrane folded to cristae
The matrix formed by the cristae contains enzymes needed for aerobic respiration

23
Q

What is the Function of the mitochondria ?

A

Produces ATP as a result of aerobic respiration

24
Q

What is the structure of the chloroplast ?

A

Double membraned

25
Q

What is the function of Chloroplast ?

A

The main site of photosynthesis

26
Q

What are lysosomes ?

A

Membrane bound sac containing digestive enzymes which break down waste materials such as organelles

27
Q

Describe the structure and function of the plant walls ?

A

Made of cellulose to provide strength and prevent cell from bursting when water enters the cell

28
Q

What are vesicles ?

A

Membrane bound sac for transport and storage

29
Q

What are bacterial and fungal cell walls made of ?

A

Fungi : Chitin
Bacteria : Peptidoglycan

30
Q

What are centrioles ?

A

Hollow fibres made of microtubules
Two centrioles at right angles to each other form a centrosome, which organises the spindle fibres during cell division
Not found in flowering plants and fungi

31
Q

What is the plasma membrane ?

A

The plasma membrane controls the exchange of materials between the internal cell environment and the external environment
The membrane is partially permeable
Plasma membrane is formed from a phospholipid bilayer

32
Q

What is the flagella ?

A

Made of longer microtubules
Contracts to provide cell movement

33
Q

What is the Cillia ?

A

Hair-like projections made from microtubules
Allows the movement of substances over the cell surface

34
Q

Why is the cytoskeleton important ?

A

Provides mechanical strength
Aids transport within cell
Enables cell movement

35
Q

What are similarities between eukaryotes and prokaryotes ?

A

Both have;
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes

36
Q

Differences between eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

A

Prokaryotes have no membrane bound cells or nucleus
Prokaryotes have small (70s) Ribosomes and Eukaryotes have (80s)
Prokaryotes have Circular DNA

Biology OCR (25 decks)

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