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2. Cells > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Equation for magnification

A 
M = I/A
magnification = image size/actual size
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2
Q

Why are cells placed in a cold, isotonic, buffered solution?

A

cold - reduce enzyme activity
isotonic - prevent cell bursting by osmosis
buffered - maintain constant pH

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3
Q

Process of homogenation

A

Cells broken up inside solution to release organelles. Fluid then filtered to remove debris and whole cells.

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4
Q

List organelles in order they are separated during centrifugation

A
  1. nuclei + chloroplasts
  2. mitochondria + lysosomes
  3. RER + ribosomes
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5
Q

Light vs electron microscopes

A
  • electron has high resolving power/magnification
  • light has colour
  • light does not require vacuum
  • SEM 3D image
  • specimen must be v thin for TEM
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6
Q

Why do electron microscopes have a better resolution?

A

Electrons have much shorter wavelength than light

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7
Q

Nucleus function

A
  • stores DNA, produces mRNA, tRNA
  • nuclear pores allow mRNA + ribosomes to pass through
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8
Q

Cell membrane function

A
  • controls entry of substances into cell
  • site of cell communication via receptors
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9
Q

Mitochondria function

A
  • carry out aerobic respiration to produce ATP
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10
Q

Lysosomes function

A
  • contains digestive enzymes to break down pathogens + cell debris
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11
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum function

A

rough -> large SA for ribosomes to carry out protein synthesis
smooth -> synthesise, store + transport lipids + carbs

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12
Q

Golgi apparatus function

A
  • modifies proteins

- sorts, packages, + transports molecules around/out of cell in vesicles

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13
Q

Chloroplast function

A

Site of photosynthesis

  • light absorption through thylakoid stacks
  • sugar synthesis in stroma
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14
Q

How do cells specialise?

A
  • no. of organelles each cell has depends on its function

- contain same genes, but only express ones they need

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15
Q

How are organisms organised?

A

Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems

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16
Q

Structure of bacteria

A
  • murein cell wall
  • DNA circular, has smaller DNA in plasmids
  • cytoplasm / enzymes + other soluble materials
  • 70s ribosomes
  • some have capsule of mucilaginous slime
  • corkscrew flagellum
17
Q

Viruses

A
  • acellular, non living
  • nucleic acids (RNA, DNA) + reverse transcriptase contained in protein capsid
  • surrounded by lipid envelope w/ attachment proteins
18
Q

Interphase

A

G1 - organelles synthesised + cell enlarges
S - DNA replicates
G2 - prep for mitosis, organelles grow + divide, energy stores increase

19
Q

Prophase

A
  • spindle apparatus forms from centrioles

- chromosomes visible, nuclear envelope disintegrates

20
Q

Metaphase

A
  • chromosomes line up at cell equator by spindle attaching to centromere of chromatids
21
Q

Anaphase

A
  • spindle contracts, separating individual chromatids by splitting centromere
  • chromatids pulled towards poles
22
Q

Telophase

A
  • chromosomes become indistinct at poles
  • spindle disintegrates, nuclear envelope reforms
  • cytokinesis as cytoplasm splits
23
Q

Product and uses of mitosis

A

Two daughter nuclei that have same no. of chromosomes as parent
Used for growth/repair of tissue, and asexual reproduction

24
Q

Calculating mitotic index

A

no. of cells with condensed chromosomes/ total no. of cells * 100

25
Q

Ho do drugs used in cancer treatment work?

A

Disrupt cell cycle

  1. prevent DNA replication
  2. inhibit metaphase by interfering w/ spindle formation
26
Q

How do bacteria divide?

A

Binary fission, circular DNA divide, cytoplasm divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells

27
Q

Viral replication (summary)

A
  • a. proteins on virus attach to host cell
  • virus injects DNA/RNA into host cell
  • host cell makes new copies of virus
  • host cell bursts, releasing viruses

2. Cells (6 decks)

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