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Cell structure Flashcards

eukaryotes prokaryotes and viruses

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1
Q

describe the structure ad function of the cell-surface membrane

A
  1. phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins
  2. selectively permiable; controls passage of substances in and out of the cell
  3. barrier between internal and external enviroments of cell
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2
Q

describe the structure and function of the nucleus

A
  1. controls cell activity throught he transcription of mRNA
  2. nuclear pores allows substances (mRNA) to move between nucleus and cytoplasm
  3. nucleolus makes ribosomes which are made of rRNA
  4. Nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nuleolus, DNA
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3
Q

describe the structure and function of the mitochondria

A
  1. Double membrane, inner membrane folded to form cristae; increase SA for reactions
  2. Matrix- contains small 70s ribosomes, small circular DNA and enzymes involved in respiration
  3. Site of aerobic respiration, producing/releasing ATP for energy
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4
Q

describe the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus

A
  1. 3 or more fluid filled membrane sacs with vesicles at the edge
  2. receives proteins from the RER
  3. modifies/processes proteins
  4. packages modified proteins into vesicles, transport protein out of cell
  5. also makes lysosomes
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5
Q

describe the structure and function of the lysososme

A
  1. vesicle containing lysozymes- hydrolytic enzymes

2. used to hydrolyse pathogens or worn out cells/cell components

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6
Q

describe the structure and function of the ribosomes

A
  1. free floating in the cytoplasm or bound to RER
  2. NOT membrane bound ; made of 1 large sub-unit and 1 small sub-unit
  3. site of protein synthesis; translation
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7
Q

describe the structure and function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  1. Ribosomes bound by a system of membranes
  2. folds polypeptides into secondary and tertiary stuctures
  3. packages folded polypeptides into vesiciles, transported to golgi
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8
Q

describe the structure and fucntion of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  1. system of membrane

2. synthesise and store lipids and carbohydrates

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9
Q

describe the structure and function of the chloroplast

A
  1. thylakoid membranes are stacked to form grana, grana are linked by lamellae
  2. stroma is the fluid in the cell; contains the grana, starch granules and circular DNA
  3. surrounded by a double membrane
  4. chlorophyll absorbs light for photosynthesis to produce organic substances
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10
Q

describe the structure and function of the cell wall

A
  1. cellulose in plants
  2. glycoprotein called murien; prokaryotes
  3. chitin in fungi
  4. rigid structure surrounding cell
  5. prevents cell changing shape and bursting (lysis)
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11
Q

describe the structure and function of the cell vacuole

A
  1. contains cell sap; weak solution of sugars and salta
  2. surrounding membrane is the tonoplast
  3. maintains presure in the cell
  4. isolates unwanted chemicals in the cell
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12
Q

how are complex multicellular organsims organised?

A
  1. speacialised cell- most basic structural/functional subunit of a living organism; speacialised for a particular fucntion
  2. tissue- group of organised specialised cells joined and working together to perform a particular function
  3. organs- group of organised tissue; joined together and working together to peform a particular function
  4. organ system- group of organised organs; working together to peform a particular function
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13
Q

comapre and contrast the structures of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A
  1. pro have no membrane bound organelles in the cytoplasm WHEREAS euk do
  2. pro have no nucleus/ free floating DNA WHEREAS euk have a nucleus containing DNA
  3. pro have circular DNA not associated with proteins WHEREAS euk have linear DNA associated with histone proteins
  4. pro have a cell wall made of murein and peptidoglycan WHEREAS euk cell wall is made of cellulose
  5. pro have smaller 70s ribosomes WHEREAS euk have larger 80s ribosomes
  6. pros may have one or more plasmid, a capsule and/or flagella
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14
Q

describe the structure of a virus

A
  1. attatchment proteins; complementory to receptors on target cell
  2. capsid made of lipids
  3. DNA/RNA
  4. acelluar- not made of or able to divide into cells
  5. non-living- unable to reproduce without a host
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Biology (17 decks)

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