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Biology > All cells arise from other cell > Flashcards

All cells arise from other cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the cell cycle?

A

cell retains the ability to divide

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2
Q

what are the 2 stages of the cell cycle?

A
  1. interphase

2. mitosis

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3
Q

what happens during interphase?

A
  1. S phase- DNA replicates semi-conservatively leading to 2 sister chromatids
  2. G1 and G2- number of organelles double and volume of cytoplasm increases, ATP content increases
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4
Q

what are the products of mitosis?

A

2 genetically identical daughter cells, containing identical copies of DNA of the parent cell

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5
Q

list the stages of mitosis

A
  1. prophase
  2. metaphase
  3. anaphase
  4. telophase
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6
Q

describe what happen during prophase

A
  1. chromosomes condense
  2. becomes, shorter and thicker; appear as 2 sister chromatids joined by a centromere
  3. nuclear envelope breaksdown and centrioles move to opposite poles forming spindle networks
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7
Q

describe what happens during metaphase

A
  1. chromosomes align along the equator

2. spindle fibres attach to chromosomes by centromeres

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8
Q

describe what happens during anaphase

A
  1. spindle fibres contract, pulling sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell
  2. centromere divided
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9
Q

describe what happens during telophase

A
  1. chromosomes uncoil, become longer and thinner
  2. nuclear envelope reforms = 2 nuclei
  3. spindle fibres and centrioles break down
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10
Q

what happens during cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm to produce 2 genetically identical daughter cells contiaing identical copies of the DNA

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11
Q

what is the importance of mitosis?

A
  1. asexual reproduction
  2. growth of an organism by increasing cell numbers
  3. reparing damaged tissue/replacing old worn out cells
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12
Q

what happens if cell division is not regulated?

A
  1. uncontrolled cell division leads to the formation of tumors and cancer
  2. malignant tumor (cancer)- spreads and affects other tissues/organs
  3. Bening tumor- non-cancerous
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13
Q

how can cancer be treated?

A
  1. distrupt the cell cycle, mitosis slows down, tumor growth slows
  2. prevent DNA replication, prevents/slows down mitosis
  3. distrupt spindle activity, chromosomes can’t attacthed to spindle fibres by centromeres, sister chromatids cant be pulled to opposite poles, prevents mitosis
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14
Q

what is a disadvantage to distrupting the cell cycle as a form of treatment for cancer?

A

distrupts the cell cycle of normal cells as well, especially rapidly dividing cells eg. hair follicles

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15
Q

what is an advanatge to distrupting the cell cycle as a form of treatment for cancer?

A

the drugs that are used to distrupt the cycle are more effective against cancer cells because they divide uncontrolled

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16
Q

how do prokaryotic cells replicate?

A

by binary fission

17
Q

describe how a prokaryotic cell replicates

A
  1. by binary fission
  2. circular DNA and plasmids replicate
  3. cytoplasm expands as each DNA molecule moves to opposite poles of the cell
  4. cytoplasm divides
  5. produces 2 daughter cells, each with a single copy of circular DNA and variable amounts of plasmids
18
Q

how do viruses replicate?

A
  1. don’t undergo cell division as they are non-living
  2. attachment proteins bind to complementary receptors on the surface of host cell
  3. inject nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) into host cell
  4. infected host cell replicates the viral components
19
Q

what is the role of the spindle fibres?

A
  1. allow sister chromatids to be pulled to opposite poles

2. allows nuclear division

20
Q

describe a sample of squashed root tips should be prepared for optical microscope viewing (practical 2)

A
  1. take plant root and cut 0.5cm of the root tip
  2. place in heated HCL
  3. rinse root tip in tap water
  4. stain with toluidine blue
  5. macerate with needle
21
Q

how is an optical microscope used to view the squashed root tip sample prepared in practical 2?

A
  1. place tip on microscope slide
  2. lower glass cover slip using a mounting needle at 45 angle
  3. place under microscope and set objective lens to lowest microscope
  4. observe the stages of mitosis
22
Q

give a reason for the practical steps in preparing a stained squashed root tip sample

A
  1. uses root tips as cells are continuously going through mitosis
  2. heated to increase RoR, HCL used to break links between cellulose cell walls, allows cell to be stained and be squashed to 1 cell thick
  3. rinse to remove HCL
  4. stain used to make chromosomes visible
  5. one cell thick; allows sample to be viewed using a light microscope
  6. at 45 angle to prevent air bubbles

Biology (17 decks)

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