Cell structure Flashcards
Found in Eukaryotic
Mitochondria
organelles of locomotion.
flagella and cilia
some eukaryotic cells possess relatively long, thin structures called
Flagella
are shorter (more hair-like) thinner and more numerous.
Cilia
a rigid cell wall that defines the shape of bacterial cells.
the main constituent is a macromolecular polymer known as peptidoglycan (also known as murein).
Bacterial cell
Peptidoglycan is found only in
Bacteria
Gram positive bacteria have
Thick layer
Gram negative bacteria have
Thin layer
a slimy, gelatinous material produced by the cell membrane.
Glycocalyx
Some bacteria have glycocalyx located ………. their cell wall.
Outside
enable certain bacteria to glide or slide along solid surfaces, and seem to protect bacteria from antibiotics
Slime layers
consists of polysaccharide; useful in differentiating among different types of bacteria within particular species.
Capsules
Bacterial capsules serve an
Antiphagocytic
with flagella over the entire surface
peritrichous bacteria
amphitrichous bacteria
have one or more flagella at each end
with a tuft of flagella at one end
lophotrichous bacteria
monotrichous bacteria
possessing a single polar flagellum
hair like structures most often for gram-negative bacteria
Pili or fimbriae
are organelles of attachments
Pili
bacterial spores are called
endospores
the process by which spores are formed
Sporulation
Viruses
are very small and simple in structure.
most …………..range from 10 -300 nm, in diameter.
Virus
Vary greatly in size, shape and morphologic arrangement.
Bacteria
They divide by binary fission.
Bacteria
Used to observed bacterial morphology.
Staining procedures
Specific stains and staining techniques are used to observe?
bacterial cell morphology
Various staining methods have been devised to enable scientist
to examine bacteria
Gram-Positive bacteria
Blue to purple
thick layer
Gram positive bacteria
Teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acid in cell wall
Present
Gram positive bacteria
Lipopolysaccharide in cell walls
Absent
Gram negative bacteria
Pink to red
Thin layer
Gram negative bacteria
Teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acid in cell wall
Absent
Gram negative bacteria
Lipopolysaccharide in cell walls
Present
Ability of the organism to move.
Motility
Motility is usually associated to bacteria with ………or ……….
Flagella or filaments
Most spiral shape bacteria are
Motile
Cocci shape bacteria are
Non _ motile
Size of colonies determines
Organisms rate of growth
5 major types of bacteria according to their relationship to O2 and CO2
Obligate anaerobe. Microaerophiles Obligate aerobe Facultative anaerobe Aerotolerant anaerobe
organisms grow only in an environment with no oxygen.
Obligate anaerobe
-require oxygen for multiplication, but in concentrations lower than that found in room air
Microacrophiles
–requires an atmosphere containing molecular oxygen in concentration comparable to that found in room air (20% to 21%).
Obligate aerobe
survives either in the presence or absence of oxygen
Facultative anaerobe
–does not require oxygen & grows better in the absence of O2 but can survive in an atmosphere containing molecular oxygen such as air and CO2 incubator).
Aerotolerant anaerobe
All bacteria need some ………… , ………….. , ……….,,., …………. , …………….., and ………..for …… .
Carbon , hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur , phosphorous and N for growth
Bacillus anthracis
Anthrax
Chlamydia trachomatis
Trachoma
Whooping cough
Bordetella pertussis
Clostridium botulinum
Botulism
Clostridium perfringens
Gas Gangrene, Wound Infections
Clostridium tetani
Tetanus
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Diphtheria
Escherichia coli
urinary tract infection
Francisella tularensis
Tularemia
Haemophilus influenzae
Meningitis, Pneumonia
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pneumonia
Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
PTB
Pseudomonas aeroginosa
Respiratory, Urogenital, Wound Infections
Salmonella typhi
Typhoid Fever
Shigella species
Shigellosis (Bacillary dysentery
Staphylococcus aureu
Boils, Carbuncles, Pneumonia, Septicemia
Streptococcus pyogenes
Strep Throat, Scarlet Fever, Rheumatic Fever, Septicemia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Pneumonia
Treponema pallidum
Syphillis
Vibrio cholerae
Cholera
Yersinia pestis
Plague
- Are Eukaryotic organisms.
- Most protozoa are unicellular (single-celled) organisms.
- Found in soil and water.
- Movement through cilia, pseudopodia, flagella
Protozoa
Entamoeba histolytica
What’s the disease ?
Amoebiasis [ severe diarrhea
Plasmodium vivax
What is the disease?
Malaria
Pneumocystis carinii
What’s the disease?
Pneumonia
Found almost everywhere on earth
Fungi
Can be harmful or beneficial.
Fungi
Fungi are ………. organisms that include
mushrooms, molds and yeasts.
Eucaryotic
Fungi Important for the production of
Cheese
Beer
Yogurt
Wine
Fungi damage and deteriorate:
Leather
Jams
Pickles
Candida albicans
What is disease ?
Vaginitis
Histoplasma
What is disease ?
Histoplasmosis
Dermatophytes
What is disease ?
Ringworm
Most benificial fungi:
1. Penicillium notatum
Penicillin antibiotics
2 Cephalosporium
Cephalosporin (antibiotics)
Photosynthetic, eukaryotic organism.
Algae
Can be multicellular or unicellular.
Produce energy by photosynthesis, using sunlight, carbon dioxide, water and inorganic nutrients
Algae
Algae are only
very rarely a cause of human infections
is an example of human algae infection.
Protothecosis
Types of algae
Green algae
Brown algae
Red algae
Uses of algae
iodine fertilizers stabilizers for ice cream salad dressings plastic bags
