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Biology A Level AQA > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 types of microscopes?

A

Light, scanning electron and transmission electron

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2
Q

Define magnification

A

How much bigger the image is compared to the actual size of the object

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3
Q

Define resolution

A

The smallest distance 2 points can be separated and still seen as separate items

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4
Q

What affects resolving power (resolution)?

A

Limited by wavelength of light/electrons used by microscope: the shorter the wavelength, the higher the resolution

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5
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

Image size = actual size x magnification

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6
Q

What are the 3 stages of cell fractionation?

A

Homogenisation, filtration and ultracentrifugation

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7
Q

How big are prokaryotic cells?

A

0.1-10.0 micrometers

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8
Q

How big are eukaryotic cells?

A

10-100 micrometers

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9
Q

What organelles do prokaryotic cells have that eukaryotic cells don’t?

A

May have flagella, plasmids, capsule and pilli

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10
Q

What characteristics do eukaryotic cells have?

A

Membrane bounds nucleus + organelles. May be unicellular or multicellular. Mitosis for reproduction. DNA associates with his tones (proteins)

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11
Q

What characteristics do prokaryotic cells have?

A

No membrane bound nucleus or organelles. Always unicellular. Binary fission for reproduction. DNA doesn’t associate with histones

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12
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Acts as the control center of the cell through production of mRNA and tRNA + proteinsynthesis

Manufactures rRNA and ribosomes

Retains the genetic material of the cell in the form of DNA and chromosomes

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13
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration (link, krebs and oxidative phosphorylation)

Responsible for production of ATP from respiratory substrates such as glucose

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14
Q

What is the role of chloroplasts?

A

Carries out photosynthesis and harvests sunlight

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

Smooth ER and rough ER

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16
Q

What is the function of the rough ER?

A

Ribosomes present

Provides large surface area for synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins

Provides a pathway for transport of materials, especially proteins, throughout the cell

17
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER?

A

No ribosomes

Synthesise, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates

18
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

Adds carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins

Produces secretory enzymes

Secretes carbohydrates

Transport, modify and store lipids

Forms lysosomes

19
Q

What is the role of lysosomes?

A

Hydrolyse material ingested by phagocytic cells

Carries out exocytosis of enzymes in order to destroy material outside of cell

Digest worn out organelles so useful chemicals can be reused

Break down cells once dead (autolysis)

20
Q

What is the role of ribosomes?

A

Site of proteinsynthesis

80s in eukaryotic cells

70s in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts

21
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Provides mechanical strength to prevent cell bursting

Provides mechanical strength to whole plant

Allows water to pass along it and contributes to overall movement of water

22
Q

What is the function of vacuoles?

A

Supports herbaceous plants by making cells turgid

Sugars and amino acids act as temporary food store

Pigments may colour petals to attract pollinating insects

23
Q

What are the stages of cell division?

A

Interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis

24
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

25
Q

What are the stages in interphase?

A

Gap1 (G1): cellular contents excluding chromosomes are duplicated + growth

Synthesis (S): semi-conservative DNA replication, 2x chromatids, 1x chromosomes

Gap2 (G2): checks for errors in DNA replication

26
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasm divides into 2

27
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes

Nuclear envelope and nucleolus breaks down

Centrioles move to opposite poles of cell

Centrioles produce mitotic spindle fibres

28
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate/equator

Spindle fibres attach to centromere of each chromosome

29
Q

What happen in anaphase?

A

Spindle fibres contract, pulling identical sister chromatids apart, breaking centromere

30
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

Chromosomes decondense back into chromatin

Nuclear envelopes and nucleolus form in both new nuclei

Spindle fibres break down

Pinching of cytoplasm forms cleavage furrow: preparation for cytokinesis

Biology A Level AQA (14 decks)

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