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Biology A Level AQA > Cell Recognition And The Immune System > Flashcards

Cell Recognition And The Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

Where do you find antigens?

A

Cell surface membrane of foreign cells

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2
Q

Where do you find MHCs?

A

Cell surface membrane of non-self cells

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3
Q

What antibodies would someone with blood type A have?

A

Type B antibodies

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4
Q

What antibodies would someone with blood type B have?

A

Type A antibodies

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5
Q

What antibodies would someone with blood type O have?

A

Type A and type B antibodies

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6
Q

Which blood types can donate blood to blood type AB?

A

A, B, AB and O (all)

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7
Q

What are the two main types of defence mechanisms?

A

Specific (vertebrae only) and non-specific (vertebrae and non-vertebrae)

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8
Q

What is the non-specific defence mechanism?

A

Physical barriers (eg. Skin) and phagocytosis

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9
Q

What is the specific defence mechanism?

A

Cell mediated response and humoral response

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10
Q

Describe the cell mediated response

A

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes attack infected cells (intracellular pathogens) so infection doesn’t spread further

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11
Q

Describe the humoral response

A

B lymphocytes attack non-self species outside of the body cells (extracellular)

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12
Q

Outline the stages of the humoral response

A

Phagocytic B cell engulfs pathogen

Pathogen’s antigens are processed and presented on the outside of B cell

Activated T-helper cell (CD4+) binds to presented antigen with specific receptor, triggering the B cell to undergo mitosis and clonal selection

This forms a plasma cell or a memory cell

The plasma cell produces specific monoclonal antibodies (primary response)

The memory cell stays in the immune system for future infections (secondary response)

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13
Q

What do antibodies cause?

A

Opsonisation (more favourable to phagocytes) and agglutination (clumps to be better seen) so phagocytes can ingest and kill pathogen

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14
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Eg. Infection or vaccination

This stimulates the production of memory cells so longer term protection

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15
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Eg. Maternal antibodies and monoclonal antibody treatment

No memory cells are made (only given antibodies) so just primary response and short term protection

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16
Q

What does cytotoxic mean?

A

Toxic to cells

17
Q

What cell does HIV infect?

A

T-helper cells (CD4+)

18
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Chemicals released by leukocytes (wbc) that trigger symptoms and make you feel ill

19
Q

Describe activation of T-helper cells

A

Antigen presenting cell (APC) engulfs pathogen and goes through phagocytosis

APC processes and presents pathogen’s antigens

T-helper cell binds to presented antigen triggering cloning by mitosis

This becomes an activated T-helper cell

20
Q

Describe the roles of T-helper cells

A

Can act as memory T-helper cells

Can stimulate B cells into clonal selection and mitosis

Can stimulate phagocytosis

Can activate cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)

21
Q

What is a monoclonal antibody?

A

Identical types of one specific antibody produced by one type of plasma cell

22
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

An agent that causes disease

23
Q

What is another name for red blood cell?

A

Erythrocyte

24
Q

What is another name for white blood cell?

A

Leukocyte

25
Q

What makes a successful vaccination programme?

A

To be able to produce large amounts to vaccinate vulnerable people at reasonable cost

Side effects are rare

Storage and transportation is manageable

Trained staff to deliver it

Possible to achieve hers immunity

26
Q

What are the types of ELISA tests?

A

Direct and indirect

27
Q

What is a direct ELISA test?

A

Using a single antibody that is complementary to the antigen being tested for

28
Q

What is an indirect ELISA test?

A

Using 2 different antibodies known as primary and secondary

29
Q

What does an ELISA test do?

A

Used to see if patients have antibodies to a specific antigen (test for infections by pathogens)

30
Q

What does ELISA stand for?

A

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

31
Q

What happens during an ELISA test?

A

Enzymes are attached to antibodies

When these enzymes react to a certain substrate a coloured product is formed (positive result)

32
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

33
Q

What does AIDS stand for?

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

34
Q

What is a retrovirus?

A

RNA virus

35
Q

Why are viruses non-living (acellular)?

A

Cannot replicate alone so require a host cell to process RNA

36
Q

What do antiretroviral drugs do?

A

Keep the virus in ‘latency’

Biology A Level AQA (14 decks)

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