Cell Structure

Question 1

Cell Theory #1

Answer 1

Living organisms are composed of cells

Question 2

Cell Theory #2

Answer 2

Cells are the smallest unit of life

Question 3

Cell Theory #3

Answer 3

Cells come from preexisting cells

Question 4

All cells must have these features

Answer 4

-must have a plasma membrane
Every living cell is surrounded by a membrane, which separate cell contents from everything else outside
-A cell contains genetic material which stores all the instructions needed for the cell’s activities.
-Many of these activities are chemical reactions, catalyzed by enzymes produced inside the cell
-Cells have their own energy release system that powers all of the cell’s activities. (respiration to release energy) in the form of ATP

In other words: Plasma Membrane, genetic material, enzymes and energy release system

Question 5

What is a singled cell called?

Answer 5

Unicellular

Question 6

What is more than one cell called?

Answer 6

Multicellular

Question 7

When is one cell considered itself a separate organism?

Answer 7

When it is able to grow, reproduce and perform basic functions needed to survive.

Question 8

What are the 7 functions of life?

Answer 8

Nutrition, growth, response, excretion, reproduction, metabolism, homeostasis

Question 9

Atypical Cells

Answer 9

Skeletal muscle- Each cell can be up to 30 cm long and hold hundreds of nuclei (long and a lot of nuclei)

Acetabularia grows up to 10cm but only 1 nucleus (unicellular)

Question 10

What is Aseptate Fungal Hyphae?

Answer 10

Aseptate fungal hyphae are long threads (hyphae) with many nuclei. They have no dividing cell walls, called septa (singular: septum). The result of this is shared cytoplasm and multiple nuclei (singular: nucleus). This challenges the idea that a cell is a single unit as the fungal hyphae have many nuclei, are very large and possess a continuous, shared cytoplasm.

Question 11

Metabolism - Function of life definition

Answer 11

The regular set of life-supporting chemical reactions that takes place within the cells of living organisms.

Question 12

Growth - Function of life definition

Answer 12

An increase in size or shape that occurs over a period of time.

Question 13

Response (to a stimulus) -Function of life definition

Answer 13

A reaction by the living organism to changes in the external environment.

Question 14

Homeostasis - Function of life definition

Answer 14

The maintenance of a constant internal environment by regulating internal cell conditions.

Question 15

Nutrition - Function of life definition

Answer 15

The intake of nutrients, which may take different forms in different organisms. Nutrition in plants involves making organic molecules (during photosynthesis), while nutrition in animals and fungi involves the absorption of organic matter.

Question 16

Reproduction - Function of life definition

Answer 16

The production of offspring, either sexually or asexually, to pass on genetic information to the next generation.

Question 17

Excretion - Function of life definition

Answer 17

The removal of waste products of metabolism and other unimportant materials from an organism.

Question 18

What is an example of a unicellular organism?

Answer 18

Paramecium and Chlamydomonas

Question 19

Metabolism for Paramecium and Chlamydomonas.

Answer 19

Most metabolic reactions are catalysed by enzymes and take place in the cytoplasm.

Question 20

Growth for Paramecium

Answer 20

As it consumes food, the Paramecium enlarges. Once it reaches a certain size it will divide into two daughter cells.

Question 21

Growth for Chlamydomonas

Answer 21

Production of organic molecules during photosynthesis and absorption of minerals causes the organism to increase in size. Once it reaches a certain size it will divide into two daughter cells.

Question 22

Response for Paramecium

Answer 22

The wave action of the beating cilia helps to propel Paramecium in response to changes in the environment, e.g. towards warmer water and away from cool temperatures.

Question 23

Response for Chlamydomonas

Answer 23

Chlamydomonas senses light changes in its environment using its eye spot and then uses its flagella to move towards a brighter region to increase the rate of photosynthesis.

Question 24

Homeostasis for Paramecium and Chlamydomonas

Answer 24

A constant internal environment is maintained by collecting excess water in the contractile vacuoles and then expelling it through the plasma membrane. This process is called osmoregulation and helps Paramecium and Chlamydomonas to maintain their water balance.

Question 25

Nutrition for Paramecium

Answer 25

Paramecium is a heterotroph. It engulfs food particles in vacuoles where digestion takes place. The soluble products are then absorbed into the cytoplasm of the cell. It feeds on microorganisms, such as bacteria, algae and yeasts.

Question 26

Nutrition for Chlamydomonas

Answer 26

Chlamydomonas is an autotroph; it uses its large chloroplast to carry out photosynthesis to produce its own food.

Question 27

Reproduction for Paramecium

Answer 27

It can carry out both sexual and asexual reproduction, though the latter is more common. The cell divides into two daughter cells in a process called binary fission (asexual reproduction).

Question 28

Reproduction for Chlamydomonas

Answer 28

It can carry out both sexual and asexual reproduction. When Chlamydomonas reaches a certain size, each cell reproduces, either by binary fission or sexual reproduction.

Question 29

Excretion for Paramecium

Answer 29

Digested nutrients from the food vacuoles pass into the cytoplasm, and the vacuole shrinks. When the vacuole, with its fully digested contents, reaches the Paramecium’s anal pore, it ruptures, expelling its waste contents to the environment.

Question 30

Excretion for Chlamydomonas

Answer 30

It uses the whole surface of its plasma membrane to excrete its waste products.

Question 31

Definition of Heterotroph

Answer 31

A heterotroph is an organism that feeds by taking in organic substances (usually other living things).

Question 32

Definition of an

Autotroph

Answer 32

An autotroph is an organism that can produce its own food from inorganic sources.