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Biology? > Cell Specialisation > Flashcards

Cell Specialisation Flashcards

Structure and function

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1
Q

What is the cuticle and its role?

A

Waxy layer prevents water loss

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2
Q

What is the role of the upper epidermis?

A

Protection, transparent to allow light through

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3
Q

What is the role of palisade mesophyll

A

Lots of choroplast for photosynthesis

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4
Q

What is the role of spongy mesophyll?

A

Losy packed cells with airspace for gas exchange

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5
Q

What is the role of the xylem?

A

Transport water and minerals absorbed from roots to leaves and stem

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6
Q

What is the role of phloem?

A

Transport food made from photosynthesis from leaves to rest of plant

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7
Q

What is the role of the stomata?

A

Controls water loss and gas exchange, they are pores

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8
Q

What is the role of the guard cells?

A

Controls the opening and closing of the stomata

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9
Q

What are air spaces for?

A

Gas exchange CO out and O in

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10
Q

Cytoskeleton- what is microfilaments made from?

A

Actin filaments

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11
Q

Cytoskeleton- what is intermediate made from?

A

Keratin

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12
Q

Cytoskeleton- what is microtubules made from?

A

Tubulin proteins

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13
Q

What can toipitent stem cells differentiate into

A

All cells

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14
Q

What can pluripotent stem cells differentiate into

A

Most but not all cells

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15
Q

What can multipotent stem cells differentiate into

A

Limited number of cell types

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16
Q

How do you work out volume?

A

Width X height X depth

17
Q

How do you work out surface area?

A

Add up all the sides (enternal environment)

18
Q

Adaptations of palisade mesophyll (6 marks question)

A

Near the upper surface of the leaf

Cylinder shaped, closely packed to absorb max light

At right angles to the surface of leaf to reduce the number of cross walls

Packed with large number of chloroplasts

Thin and transparent cell wall for max light penetration and higher diffusion of gases

Large surface area and moist cell surfaces for easier diffusion of gases

Large vacuole pushes choroplasts to edge of a cell

19
Q

Adaptations of root hair cell (6 marks question)

A

Large surface area

Long and thin so they can penetrate between soil particles

Contain lots of mitochondria which provide energy for active transport

Channels and carrier proteins in cell membrane enable ions to cross membrane

20
Q

Cytoskeleton functions

A

Aid in cell membrane and stabilize the cell

Aid transportation inside the cell

Helps the cell maintain its shape and support cell

Organized and tethers the organelles

Biology? (8 decks)

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