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MCBM Exam 4 > Cell Signaling > Flashcards

Cell Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

Signaling between distant tissues is done by what type of signaling?

A

Hormonal signaling

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2
Q

Signaling between adjacent cells is called ___ signaling.

A

Neuronal signaling

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3
Q

Regional signaling is carried out by ___ or ___ signaling.

A

Autocrine

Paracrine

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4
Q

What are the 7 major endocrine glands?

A 
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Pancreas
Kidneys
Adrenals
Ovaries/Testes
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5
Q

How does signaling take place between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?

A

Via the portal vein system

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6
Q

How does communication take place between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Posterior pituitary is innervated by axons that come from the hypothalamus

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7
Q

The hypothalamus secretes small, protein ___ ___.

A

Releasing factors

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8
Q

How do releasing factors from the hypothalamus target the anterior pituitary?

A

Directly, through the portal system

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9
Q

What type of hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

A

Tropic hormones

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10
Q

What are the 6 tropic hormones that the anterior pituitary can release in response to releasing factors from the hypothalamus?

A 
Corticotropin (ACTH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Thyrotropin
Somatotropin
Prolactin
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11
Q

What does ACTH stimulate?

A

Adrenal cortex

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12
Q

What does thyrotropin stimulate?

A

Thyroid

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13
Q

What does FSH and LH stimulate?

A

Ovaries/testes

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14
Q

What does somatotropin stimulate?

A

Liver

Bone

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15
Q

What does prolactin stimulate?

A

Mammary glands

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16
Q

The neurons of the posterior pituitary secrete their hormones directly into the ___ ___.

A

General circulation

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17
Q

What are the two hormones released by the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin

Vasopressin (ADH)

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18
Q

What does oxytocin stimulate?

A

Smooth muscle

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19
Q

What does ADH stimulate?

A

Arterioles

Kidneys

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20
Q

What are the two pathways that can bypass the hypothalamus?

A 
Blood glucose
Adrenal medulla (via CNS)
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21
Q

How are ligands classed?

A

Based on structure

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22
Q

What are eicosanoids derived from?

A

Arachidonic acid

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23
Q

What are the 4 types of ligands?

A

Peptide
Amine
Steroid
Eicosanoid

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24
Q

What is different about steroid hormones in comparison to the other hormones?

A

Can pass directly through the cell membrane
Cholesterol derived
Have nuclear associated receptors

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25
What are some examples of protein hormones?
``` Hypothalamic hormones (releasing hormones) Pituitary hormones (tropic hormones) Pancreatic hormones Leptin Renin ANF ```
26
A deficiency in ADH results in which disease?
Diabete insipidus
27
How long are the protein hormones oxytocin and vasopressin?
9 peptides
28
What are the 3 endocrine hormones secreted by the pancreas?
Glucagon Insulin Somatostatin
29
What signals hormonal release from the pancreas?
Blood glucose
30
In the liver, what do the alpha cells produce?
Glucagon
31
What is produced by the liver beta cells?
Insulin
32
What is produced by the liver delta cells?
Somatostatin
33
What are some of the amine hormones?
``` Epinephrine Thyroid hormones Histamine Norepinephrine Serotonin Acetylcholine Dopamine Any catecholamine ```
34
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are ___ hormones derived from ___.
Amine | Tyrosine
35
Where are epinephrine and norepinephrine produced?
Adrenal medulla
36
What makes thyroid hormones fat soluble?
The two ring structures
37
What element is required in T3 and T4 hormones?
Iodine
38
What are some examples of steroid hormones?
``` Androgens and estrogens Adrenocortical hormones - Glucocorticoids - Mineralocorticoids Vitamin D ```
39
What corticosteroids does the adrenal cortex release?
Glucocorticoids | Mineralocorticoids
40
What do glucocorticoids control?
Carb metabolism
41
What do mineralocorticoids control?
Blood electrolytes
42
What are the 3 types of eicosanoids?
Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Thromboxanes
43
What type of hormone are ecoisanoids?
Paracrine hormones
44
Eicosanoids are derived from what?
Arachidonic acid
45
What inhibits eicosanoids?
NASAIDs
46
Thyroid hormone is a(n) ___ hormone that acts like a(n) ___ hormone.
Amine | Steroid
47
Most neurotransmitter in the brain are what kind of hormone?
Amine hormones
48
What do ligands do to signals?
Amplify them
49
What is the ultimate goal of ligands?
To activate kinases that will alter activity of existing proteins (rapid) OR To activate transcription factors to alter gene expression (slo)
50
What are the 5 ways to regulate protein levels and activity?
``` Allosteric modification Covalent modification Altered transcription rate Controlled degradation Cellular compartmentalization inhibitors ```
51
What is a major mechanism for protein degradation?
Ubiquitin/proteosome pathway
52
How does the ubiquitin pathway degrade proteins?
Ubiquitin ligases attach multiple ubiquitins to lysine side chains Ubiquitins are targets for degradation by 26S proteosome
53
What is a good example of the ubiquitin/proteome pathway?
P53 - the tumor suppressing protein
54
What are the 6 major hormone receptor classes?
``` Gated ion channels Receptor enzymes Serpentine Adhesion Steroid "Orphan" ```
55
What is an example of an adhesion receptor?
Integrins
56
How does an adhesion receptor function?
Binds molecules in extracellular matrix, changes conformation, altering its interaction with the cytoskeleton
57
How do serpentine receptors work?
External ligand binding to receptor activates an intracellular GTP-binding protein (G) which regulates an enzyme that generates an intracellular second messenger
58
How do gated ion channels work?
Open or close in response to concentration of signal ligand or membrane potential
59
What changes the affinity of G-proteins?
Whether a GDP or a GTP is bound
60
Where are G-proteins usually located?
On cytosolic face of plasma membrane, closely associated with receptor protein
61
What are the 3 major classes of G-proteins?
Gs Gi Gq
62
What does Gs stimulate?
Adenylate cyclase
63
What does Gi do?
Inhibits adenylate cyclase
64
What does Gq do?
Stimulates phospholipase C
65
What does the cholera toxin do?
ADP-ribosylates Gsalpha, making it permanently active, causing high cAMP in intestinal epithelium resulting in secretion of Cl- HCO3- and water into intestinal lumen
66
What does the pertussis toxin do?
ADP-ribosylates Gi so adenylate cyclase is not inhibited; thus cAMP increases in lung epithelium, resulting in increased mucous secretion
67
If adenylate cyclase is the enzyme, what is the 2nd messenger that activates protein kinase A?
cAMP
68
If guanylate cyclase is the enzyme, what is the 2nd messenger that activates protein kinase G?
cGMP
69
Is phospholipase C is the enzyme, what are the potential second messengers that activate protein kinase C?
IP3 DAG Ca+

MCBM Exam 4 (5 decks)

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