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MCBM Exam 4 > Cell Signaling > Flashcards

Cell Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

Signaling between distant tissues is done by what type of signaling?

A

Hormonal signaling

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2
Q

Signaling between adjacent cells is called ___ signaling.

A

Neuronal signaling

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3
Q

Regional signaling is carried out by ___ or ___ signaling.

A

Autocrine

Paracrine

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4
Q

What are the 7 major endocrine glands?

A 
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Pancreas
Kidneys
Adrenals
Ovaries/Testes
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5
Q

How does signaling take place between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?

A

Via the portal vein system

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6
Q

How does communication take place between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Posterior pituitary is innervated by axons that come from the hypothalamus

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7
Q

The hypothalamus secretes small, protein ___ ___.

A

Releasing factors

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8
Q

How do releasing factors from the hypothalamus target the anterior pituitary?

A

Directly, through the portal system

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9
Q

What type of hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

A

Tropic hormones

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10
Q

What are the 6 tropic hormones that the anterior pituitary can release in response to releasing factors from the hypothalamus?

A 
Corticotropin (ACTH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Thyrotropin
Somatotropin
Prolactin
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11
Q

What does ACTH stimulate?

A

Adrenal cortex

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12
Q

What does thyrotropin stimulate?

A

Thyroid

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13
Q

What does FSH and LH stimulate?

A

Ovaries/testes

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14
Q

What does somatotropin stimulate?

A

Liver

Bone

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15
Q

What does prolactin stimulate?

A

Mammary glands

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16
Q

The neurons of the posterior pituitary secrete their hormones directly into the ___ ___.

A

General circulation

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17
Q

What are the two hormones released by the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin

Vasopressin (ADH)

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18
Q

What does oxytocin stimulate?

A

Smooth muscle

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19
Q

What does ADH stimulate?

A

Arterioles

Kidneys

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20
Q

What are the two pathways that can bypass the hypothalamus?

A 
Blood glucose
Adrenal medulla (via CNS)
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21
Q

How are ligands classed?

A

Based on structure

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22
Q

What are eicosanoids derived from?

A

Arachidonic acid

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23
Q

What are the 4 types of ligands?

A

Peptide
Amine
Steroid
Eicosanoid

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24
Q

What is different about steroid hormones in comparison to the other hormones?

A

Can pass directly through the cell membrane
Cholesterol derived
Have nuclear associated receptors

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25
Q

What are some examples of protein hormones?

A 
Hypothalamic hormones (releasing hormones)
Pituitary hormones (tropic hormones)
Pancreatic hormones
Leptin
Renin
ANF
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26
Q

A deficiency in ADH results in which disease?

A

Diabete insipidus

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27
Q

How long are the protein hormones oxytocin and vasopressin?

A

9 peptides

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28
Q

What are the 3 endocrine hormones secreted by the pancreas?

A

Glucagon
Insulin
Somatostatin

29
Q

What signals hormonal release from the pancreas?

A

Blood glucose

30
Q

In the liver, what do the alpha cells produce?

A

Glucagon

31
Q

What is produced by the liver beta cells?

A

Insulin

32
Q

What is produced by the liver delta cells?

A

Somatostatin

33
Q

What are some of the amine hormones?

A 
Epinephrine
Thyroid hormones
Histamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Any catecholamine
34
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are ___ hormones derived from ___.

A

Amine

Tyrosine

35
Q

Where are epinephrine and norepinephrine produced?

A

Adrenal medulla

36
Q

What makes thyroid hormones fat soluble?

A

The two ring structures

37
Q

What element is required in T3 and T4 hormones?

A

Iodine

38
Q

What are some examples of steroid hormones?

A 
Androgens and estrogens
Adrenocortical hormones
 - Glucocorticoids
 - Mineralocorticoids
Vitamin D
39
Q

What corticosteroids does the adrenal cortex release?

A

Glucocorticoids

Mineralocorticoids

40
Q

What do glucocorticoids control?

A

Carb metabolism

41
Q

What do mineralocorticoids control?

A

Blood electrolytes

42
Q

What are the 3 types of eicosanoids?

A

Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Thromboxanes

43
Q

What type of hormone are ecoisanoids?

A

Paracrine hormones

44
Q

Eicosanoids are derived from what?

A

Arachidonic acid

45
Q

What inhibits eicosanoids?

A

NASAIDs

46
Q

Thyroid hormone is a(n) ___ hormone that acts like a(n) ___ hormone.

A

Amine

Steroid

47
Q

Most neurotransmitter in the brain are what kind of hormone?

A

Amine hormones

48
Q

What do ligands do to signals?

A

Amplify them

49
Q

What is the ultimate goal of ligands?

A

To activate kinases that will alter activity of existing proteins (rapid)
OR
To activate transcription factors to alter gene expression (slo)

50
Q

What are the 5 ways to regulate protein levels and activity?

A 
Allosteric modification
Covalent modification
Altered transcription rate
Controlled degradation
Cellular compartmentalization inhibitors
51
Q

What is a major mechanism for protein degradation?

A

Ubiquitin/proteosome pathway

52
Q

How does the ubiquitin pathway degrade proteins?

A

Ubiquitin ligases attach multiple ubiquitins to lysine side chains
Ubiquitins are targets for degradation by 26S proteosome

53
Q

What is a good example of the ubiquitin/proteome pathway?

A

P53 - the tumor suppressing protein

54
Q

What are the 6 major hormone receptor classes?

A 
Gated ion channels
Receptor enzymes
Serpentine
Adhesion
Steroid
"Orphan"
55
Q

What is an example of an adhesion receptor?

A

Integrins

56
Q

How does an adhesion receptor function?

A

Binds molecules in extracellular matrix, changes conformation, altering its interaction with the cytoskeleton

57
Q

How do serpentine receptors work?

A

External ligand binding to receptor activates an intracellular GTP-binding protein (G) which regulates an enzyme that generates an intracellular second messenger

58
Q

How do gated ion channels work?

A

Open or close in response to concentration of signal ligand or membrane potential

59
Q

What changes the affinity of G-proteins?

A

Whether a GDP or a GTP is bound

60
Q

Where are G-proteins usually located?

A

On cytosolic face of plasma membrane, closely associated with receptor protein

61
Q

What are the 3 major classes of G-proteins?

A

Gs
Gi
Gq

62
Q

What does Gs stimulate?

A

Adenylate cyclase

63
Q

What does Gi do?

A

Inhibits adenylate cyclase

64
Q

What does Gq do?

A

Stimulates phospholipase C

65
Q

What does the cholera toxin do?

A

ADP-ribosylates Gsalpha, making it permanently active, causing high cAMP in intestinal epithelium resulting in secretion of Cl- HCO3- and water into intestinal lumen

66
Q

What does the pertussis toxin do?

A

ADP-ribosylates Gi so adenylate cyclase is not inhibited; thus cAMP increases in lung epithelium, resulting in increased mucous secretion

67
Q

If adenylate cyclase is the enzyme, what is the 2nd messenger that activates protein kinase A?

A

cAMP

68
Q

If guanylate cyclase is the enzyme, what is the 2nd messenger that activates protein kinase G?

A

cGMP

69
Q

Is phospholipase C is the enzyme, what are the potential second messengers that activate protein kinase C?

A

IP3
DAG
Ca+

MCBM Exam 4 (5 decks)

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