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MCBM Exam 4 > Amino Acid Synthesis > Flashcards

Amino Acid Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

Amino acids that our bodies don’t synthesize

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2
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

A

10

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3
Q

What are the 10 essential amino acids?

A

Phe, Trp, Lys, His, Arg, Ile, Leu, Val, Thr, Met

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4
Q

Argenine is produced as a byproduct of what cycle?

A

Urea cycle

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5
Q

Why is argenine insufficient in infants?

A

When there is a lot of tissue growth, the urea cycle shuts down

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6
Q

Which amino acid can be recycled?

A

Methionine

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7
Q

Which non-essential amino acids come from the same glycolytic pathway precursor?

A

Ser
Cys
Gly

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8
Q

How is asparagine made?

A

By adding ammonia to aspartate

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9
Q

What three amino acids can be made by transamination reactions?

A

Ala
Asp
Glu

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10
Q

What transaminates to alanine?

A

Pyruvate

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11
Q

What tranaminates to aspartate?

A

Oxaloacetate

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12
Q

What transaminates to glutamine?

A

Alpha-ketoglutarate

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13
Q

Proline is broken down to form what?

A

Glutamine

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14
Q

Tyrosine is made from the breakdown of which amino acid?

A

Phenylalanine

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15
Q

The reaction that derives Met from homocys requires which cofactor?

A

B12 (cobalamin)

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16
Q

What are the 2 important cofactors in the recycling of methionine?

A

Folate

B12 (cobalamin)

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17
Q

SAM is important in what reaction?

A

The recycling of methionine

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18
Q

Elevated serum levels of ___ is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

A

Homocysteine

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19
Q

Pyruvate + Glu = ?

A

Alanine + alpha-ketoglutarate

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20
Q

Oxaloacetate + Glu = ?

A

Asp + alpha-ketoglutarate

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21
Q

Alpha-ketoglutarate + Asp = ?

A

Glu + oxaloacetate

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22
Q

How many carbons is Ala?

A

3

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23
Q

How many carbons is Asp?

A

4

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24
Q

How many carbons is Glu?

A

5

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25
Q

Asparagine (Asn) synthesis uses what as a nitrogen donor?

A

Glutamine (Gln)

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26
Q

What amino acid is the main repository for NH3?

A

Glutamine (Gln)

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27
Q

Tyrosine is made by the hydroxylation of what?

A

Phenylalanine

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28
Q

What catalyzes the formation of tyrosine?

A

Phenylalanine hydroxylase

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29
Q

Tetrahydrobiopterin is required by which enzyme? In which reaction?

A

Required by phenylalanine hydroxylase

Involved in the hydroxylation of phenylalanine to form tyrosine

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30
Q

Phenylalanine hydroxylase is deficient in what?

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

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31
Q

What is glutathione?

A

A compound of 3 amino acids

Important antioxidant

32
Q

Acid production in the stomach is initiated by what?

A

Histamine

33
Q

Histamine is secreted by which cells?

A

Mast cells

34
Q

What is the neurotransmitter that is endocytosed?

A

Serotonin

35
Q

How do SSRI’s potentiate the effect of serotonin?

A

By blocking the endocytosis reaction, keeping the neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft longer

36
Q

What degrades AcH from the synaptic cleft?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

37
Q

How are norepinephrine and dopamine removed from the synaptic cleft?

A

Via monoamine oxidase

38
Q

AcH is derived from which amino acid?

A

Serine

39
Q

To which type of receptors does AcH bind?

A

Muscarinic receptors

40
Q

What does botox do?

A

Blocks AcH secretion

41
Q

What does cognex do?

A

Slows acetylcholinesterase (potentiating the effect of AcH)

42
Q

What does Sarin do?

A

Blocks AcHase

43
Q

What does atropine do?

A

Blocks the AcH receptor (reverses the effects of sarin)

44
Q

GABA is derived from which amino acid?

A

Glutamate

45
Q

Glu is ___ to form GABA.

A

Decarboxylated

46
Q

What is the enzyme needed to form GABA from Glu?

A

Glutamate decarboxylase

47
Q

What is GABA?

A

An inhibitory neurotransmitter

48
Q

How does GABA act as an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

Increases K+ permeability of post-synaptic neuron

49
Q

Huntington’s chorea stems from a deficiency in what?

A

GABA

50
Q

What things come from Tyr?

A 
Thyroid hormones T3 & T4
Dopa
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Melanin
51
Q

What is the overall charge on DOPA?

A

0

52
Q

DOPA can be shunted off to ultimately be turned into what?

A

Melanin

53
Q

Levels of dopamine in Parkinson’s disease are usually ___.

A

Low

54
Q

Serotonin is derived from which amino acid?

A

Tryptophan

55
Q

How is serotonin formed from Tryptophan?

A

Tryptophan is hydroxylated and then decarboxylated

56
Q

What does serotonin do?

A

Vasoconstrictor in brain

Regulator of mood

57
Q

Melatonin is converted from ___ in the pineal gland.

A

Serotonin

58
Q

What is the precursor to nicotinate (niacin)? (also the ring portion of NAD and NADP)

A

Tryptophan

59
Q

If you have a niacin deficiency, what can be used as a supplement?

A

Tryptophan

60
Q

Histamine is derived from what?

A

Histidine

61
Q

What occurs to histidine to get histamine?

A

Decarboxylation

62
Q

What secretes histamine?

A

Mast cells
Lung mucosa
Gastric mucosa

63
Q

Is histamine a vasodilator or constrictor?

A

Vasodilator

64
Q

What is an H2 receptor antagonist that is similar to histamine?

A

Tagamet

65
Q

Nitric Oxide is derived from which amino acid?

A

Arginine

66
Q

What 3 amino acids combine to form glutathione?

A

Glu, Cys, Gly

67
Q

What 3 amino acids combine to create creatine phsophate?

A

Arg, Gly, Met

68
Q

In the reaction to make creatine phosphate, how does methionine contribute a methyl group?

A

As SAM - this is the major use of SAM

69
Q

Why is creatine phosphate important?

A

It allows muscle and cardiac to store phosphate with increasing ATP levels

70
Q

What does increased excretion of creatinine indicate?

A

Kidney damage

71
Q

Polyamines are made from ___.

A

Ornithine

72
Q

What does carnitine carry?

A

Acyl group

73
Q

Carnitine transfers an acyl group from where to where?

A

Cytoplasm to CoA in mitochondria

74
Q

Carnitine is made from what?

A

Trimethyllysine

75
Q

Where is heme primarily synthesized?

A

In the liver and bone marrow

76
Q

What is a disease of heme synthesis called?

A

A porphyria (vampires)

MCBM Exam 4 (5 decks)

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