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Cell Biology Term 1 > Cell Signaling 1 > Flashcards

Cell Signaling 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What hormone is present when you are dehydrated?

A

ADH

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2
Q

What hormone is present when you have excess fluid/edema?

A

ANP/ANF

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3
Q

What is the difference b/n Paracrine and Autocrine?

A

-Paracrine hormones act as signals to other cells, while autocrine hormones act as signals to the cell that produced it

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4
Q

How many ligand molecules must bind a channel to open it?

A

2

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5
Q

What is the advantage of a set up where you require simultaneous binding of two signals for a channel to open?

A
  1. Low concentration of signal = channels are closed 2. Small change in signal =on state
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6
Q

What do Benzodiasepines do?

A

Open chloride channels, hyperpolarizing neurons, brain less active

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7
Q

What does Sulfonylurea do?

A

Blocks K+ channels to release more insulin in diabetes treatment

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8
Q

How does lidocaine work?

A

-Temporarily blocks V-Na channels

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9
Q

What does Nifedipine do?

A

-Blocks Calcium channels, dilating blood vessels to treat hypertension

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10
Q

What are 5 common 2nd messengers?

A
  1. cAMP 2. cGMP 3. Ca2+ 4. Inositol triphosphate 5. Diacyl Glycerol (DAG)
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11
Q

What does the Gs receptor do?

A

Increases cAMP levels

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12
Q

What does the Gi receptor do?

A

Inhibits cAMP production

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13
Q

What does the Gq receptor do?

A

Increase Ca2+ levels

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14
Q

What amino acids are usually targeted for phosphorylation in signaling pathways?

A

-Sering -Threonine -Tyrosine

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15
Q

When is a G Protein in its active state?

A

When GTP is bound to the alpha subunit?

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16
Q

What type of G Protein does Acetylcholine activate in the heart?

A

Gi

17
Q

What type of G Protein does Epinephrine activate in the heart?

A

Gs

18
Q

What smooth muscle receptor must be present for epinephrine to dilate a blood vessel? What G protein is used?

A

Beta-2 Gs

19
Q

What smooth muscle receptor must be present for epinephrine to constricta blood vessel? What G protein is used?

A

-allpha-1 -Gq

20
Q

Beta2 agonists like albuterol are bronchodilators. Albuterol binds to beta 2 receptors on the smooth muscle in the lungs and results in dilation of the airway. In this signaling pathway, formatio nof cyclic AMP from ATP is Enzymatic or Stoichiometric?

A

Enzymatic

21
Q

What converts cAMP back to AMP?

A

cAMP phosphodiesterase

22
Q

How is IP3 deactivated?

A

-Phosphorylated -Dephosphorylated -Ca2+ pumped out of cytosol

23
Q

How are activated G proteins inactivated?

A

Hydrolysis by intrinsic GTPase.

24
Q

How is epinephrine/catecholamines inactivated?

A

-Methylation by COMT and oxidation by MAO

25
Q

What causes Beta cells of the pancreas to release insulin?

A

-increase in blood glucose -increase in cytoplasmic ATP -K+ channels close -Ca2+ channels open -Membrane depolarizes -Vesicular release of insulin

26
Q

Signaling by insulin occurs primarily via: A. Ion Channels B. G-Protein Coupled receptors C. Altering Gene Expression D. Enzyme-linked receptor

A

D. Enzyme linked receptor

27
Q

Insulin Receptor is a: A. Tyrosine phosphatase B. Sering/threonin Kinase C. Tyrosine Kinase D. Lysine Acetylase E. Tyrptophan Phosphatase

A

C. Tyrosine Kinase

28
Q

The Function of IRS (Insulin Receptor Substrate) is: A. Function as a phosphatase B. Functions as a downstream kinase C. Acts as a glucose transporter D. Act as a docking site for other proteins/kinases E. Bind to and inactivate Insulin receptor

A

D. Act as a docking site for other proteins/kinases

29
Q

How do steroids act as signalling molecules?

A

They alter gene expression

30
Q

Synthesis of which of the following increases during inflammation? A. NFkB (nuclear factor kappa B) B. TNF-alpha C. IL-1 D. IL-2 E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

31
Q

Which drug would you choose to treat a six year-old child with acute asthma attach? A. Albuterol B. Prednisone

A

A. Albuterol

32
Q

You are in the emergency room and you realize that the patient has hyperkalemia. You decide to lower the serum K+ levels quickly. Your choice will be infusion of an IV solution containing: A. NaCl and Glucose B. Insulin C. Glucagon and Glucose D. Insulin and Glucose E. Epinephrine and Glucose

A

D. Insulin and Glucose

Cell Biology Term 1 (7 decks)

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