Cell Metabolism Flashcards
Where does the TCA cycle take place?
The mitochondrial matrix
What is the most regulated step of Glycolysis?
Fructose 6-Phosphate –> Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate
What enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of Fructose 6-Phosphate to Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate?
Phosphofructokinase-1
What stimulates Phosphofructokinase-1 activity?
- AMP
- Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
What inhibits Phosphofructokinase-1 activity?
- ATP
- Citrate
What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate? Where is it located?
- Mutase
- Red Blood Cells
What inhibits Hexokinase/Glucokinase activity?
Glucose 6-Phosphate
What leads to Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate creation? Where does it occur?
A high insulin:glucagon ratio decreases levels of cAMP in liver cells. Decreased PKA activity leads to generation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
What stimulates Pyruvate Kinase activity?
Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate
What does Pyruvate Kinase do?
Catalyzes the reaction Phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP –> Pyruvate + ATP
What is the purpose of anaerobic Glycolysis?
Regeneration of NAD+ for use in Glycolysis
What does Lactate Dehydrogenase do?
Catalyzes the creation of Lactate from Pyruvate
What is the Cori Cycle?
A cycle that takes Lactate from the muscles produced by anaerobic glycolysis, to the liver to be converted back to glucose to return to the muscles.
What enzyme converts Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA?
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH)
What inhibits PDH?
- Acetyl CoA
- NADH
What disease results form Vitamin B1/TPP deficiency?
Beriberi
What are the symptoms of Beriberi?
- GI Sx’s
- Neurological findings
What is vitamin b2?
Riboflavin
FAD/FADH2
What are the symptoms of Vitamin B2/Riboflavin deficiency?
- Fissures in mouth
- Inflammation of tongue
- Skin disease
- Severe irritation of the eyes
What disease results from Vitamin B3/Niacin deficiency?
Pellegra
What are the Sx’s of Pellegra?
- Skin Disease
- Diarrhea
- dementia
- Death
What are the inhibitors of the TCA cycle?
- ATP
- Acetyl CoA
- NADH
- Citrate
- Malonyl-CoA
What are the activators of the TCA cycle?
- AMP
- ADP
- NAD
- Ca2+
- cAMP
- CoASH
What are the Structures of the electron transport chain in order of electron flow?
- NADH Dehydrogenase -or- Succinate Dehydrogenase
- Ubiquinone/Coenzyme Q
- Cytochrome b-c1 complex
- Cytrochrome C
- Cytochrome Oxidase
- O2
What does NADH dehydrogenase use to transfer electrons?
iron-sulfer clusters
How many electrons can coenzyme Q carry?
2
How many electrons does cytochrome C carry?
1
How many electrons enter cytochrome c oxidase at one time?
4
How many protons must flow through ATPase to generate 1 ATP?
3
What are 2 NADH dehydrogenase inhibitors?
- Amytal
- Rotenone
What is a cytochrome b-c1 complex inhibitor?
Antimycin A
What are 3 Cytochrome C oxidase inhibitors?
- CN
- CO
- Azide
What is an ATPase inhibitor?
-oligomycin
What are two ATP/ADP exchange inhibitors?
- Atractyloside
- Bongkrektate
What are two uncouplers of respiration? What do they do?
-FCCP and NDP
They collapse the H+ Gradient
