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Biology HL 11 > Cell Respiration > Flashcards

Cell Respiration Flashcards

Unit 3: Photosynthesis and Respiration

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1
Q

What are our major biomolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)

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2
Q

What is the characteristics of nucleotides

A

They are composed of 3 parts: a nitrogen containing base, a 5 carbon sugar and one or more phosphate groups

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3
Q

What make ATP useful as the distributor of energy in cells

A
  • Soluble in water (Moves freely)
  • Stable at neutral pH
  • Does not freely pass through plasma membrane, movement can be controlled by the cell
  • 3rd phosphate can be easily removed and reattached (hydrolysis and condensation)
  • The removal of the 3rd phosphate releases a small amount of energy
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4
Q

What do cells in ATP for?

A
  1. Making macromolescules
  2. Active Transport
  3. Movement
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5
Q

Characteristics of ATP?

A

They are energy rich molecules need to be converted into a useable form in cells
The molecule ATP is the cells energy currency or usable form

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6
Q

What is ATP made of?

A

They are a nucleotide that consists of the base adenine, a 5 carbonsugar (ribose) and three phosphate groups

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6
Q

How is ATP used by cells in making macromolecules?

A

Through anabolic reactions (BUILD), by linking monomers together (uses one or more ATP for each link).

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6
Q

Which has more potential energy ATP or ADP

A

ATP has more potential energy than ADP, so conversion to ADP releases some energy

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6
Q

Example of the use of ATP in cells when making macromolecules?

A

Building DNA during S phase (DNA replication) and building proteins (called protein synthesis)

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7
Q

How is ATP used by the cells in active transport?

A

ATP causes reversible shape changes to pump proteins in membranes. The shape change caused by ATP allows a specific molecule to enter the pump. Becuase it is unstable compared to the original shape, it is able to revert back to its original shape without the use of ATP.

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7
Q

Example of the use of ATP in cells when they are needed for movement?

A

They are needed for moving chromosomes around during mitosis/meiosis, vesicles to move as they transport stuff, pinching in during cytokinesis, changing shpes of some cells for movement sliding muscle fibers to cause contration.

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7
Q

What happens when P group is released from ATP to form ADP?

A

It cause either a conformational change or chemical change (hydrolysis reaction)

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8
Q

How can ADP be revert back to ATP?

A

Energy is required to reform the bond of the 3rd phosphate.

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9
Q

Where does energy to revert back to ATP come from?

A

This energy comes from repiration, photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

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10
Q

What happens when ATP supplies are low?

A

When they are too low, the cell functions stop.

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11
Q

What happens to cells without ATP being present?

A

The cells breakdown within minutes

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12
Q

Define cell respiration?

A

It is a step by step controlled release of energy from carbon compounds. The energy released is used to convert ADP back to ATP

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13
Q

What are the most common compounds used in cell respiration?

A

Many carbon compounds but the most common are carbohydrate (glucose) and lipids (fatty acids)

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14
Q

How do humans obtain carbs and lipids?

A

The course of carbs and lipids for human and animals are from the food we eat

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15
Q

How do plants obtain carbs and lipids

A

They make it through photosynthesis

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16
Q

What do most cells use for respiration?

A

Oxygen

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17
Q

What wastes are produced by many cells during respiration

A

Carbon dioxide

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18
Q

What is a gas exchange

A

O2 will have to enter the cells and CO2 will need to leave the cells during respiration

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19
Q

Where does cell respiration occur?

A

in the mitochondria

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20
Q

Where does gas exchange occur

A

They occur through the cell membrane of cells

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21
Q

What does respiration create for gas exchange?

A

They create the concentration gradient needed for gas exchange

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22
Q

What does gas exchange provide for respirations?

A

They provide a mechanism to move one of respirations reactants and remove a waste product

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23
Q

Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration require oxygen while anaerobic respiration do not require oxygen

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24
Q

Two different fermentations of anaerobic respirations

A

Alcoholic fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation

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25
Q

Where does alcoholic fermentation usually occur?

A

Yeast and other fungi

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26
Q

Where does lactic acid fermentation usually occur?

A

Humans, other animals and some bacteria

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27
Q

Difference bewteen aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration in terms of substrates used

A

Aerobic respiration uses glucose, lipids and amino acids as substrate while anaerobic respiration only uses carbs

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28
Q

Difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration in terms of wastes produced

A

In aerobic respiration only CO2 and water are a waste while in anaerobic respiration, CO2, lactate or ethanol are produced as a waste (no water produced)

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29
Q

Difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration in terms of ATP yield

A

In aerobic respiration high yield of ATP (more than 30, max 38) while in anaerobic respiration low ATP yield (2)

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30
Q

Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of where they occur

A

Step 1 of aerobic respiration (glycosis) occurs in cytoplasm, then remainder of process is occurs in the mitochondria (use of CO2), while in anaerobic respiration, it all occurs in the cytoplasm

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31
Q

Why do human muscles sometimes conver to anaerobic

A

When oxygen demand is greater than the supply (oxygen debt), provides quick burst of ATP (maximizes power)

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32
Q

What restricts how much anaerobic respiration our muscles can do

A

Lactate waste is produced and our body can only tolerate so much (toxic)

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33
Q

Why does “the burn” occur in our muscles

A

It is lactic acid needing oxygen to be broken down and this taking some time.

34
Q

DIfferent ways to measure rate of respiration

A

Oxygen uptake (commonly used)
Carbon dioxide production
Consumption of glucose (or other substrate)

35
Q

Fomula to calculate respiration rates?

A

Amount/time, volume of CO2 consumed/tme

36
Q

What are the controlled variables whne calculating rate of respiration?

A

Temperature, air pressure should be controlled

37
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

Redox reactions involves the reduction of one chemical species and the oxidation of another

38
Q

What do most redox reaction typically involve

A

Typically involve transfer of electrons, loss and gain of hydrogen/oxygen

39
Q

What is cell respiration?

A

It is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP

40
Q

What happens during the break down of organic molecules

A

Hydrogen atoms/electrons are transferred to carrier molecules

41
Q

What is an electron carrier

A

It is a substrate that can accept and loose electrons reversibly.

42
Q

When do we say that it is oxydized

A

In respiration when hydrogen (with an electron) is removed from a substrate

43
Q

What od hydrogen carriers function like?

A

They function like taxis, transporting the electrons (and hydrogen ions) to the mitochondria

44
Q

Example of two electron carriers

A

NAD+ (main one) and FAD+

45
Q

What is the first step in aerobic respiration?

A

Glycosis

46
Q

What happens during the first step of aerobic respiration (glycosis)

A

Glucose is converted to pyruvate

47
Q

What is a pyruvate

A

A chain reaction, each step catalyzed by a different enzyme

48
Q

Define phosphorylation

A

Adding of a phosphate (PO4) molecule to an organic molecule,

49
Q

What is caused by phosphorylation

A

This tends to make the molecule less stable and therefore more likely to react

50
Q

Summary of glycosis

A

1 glucose converted to 2 pyruvate
2 NAD+ are converted to 2NADH+ + H+
Yield of 2ATP

51
Q

What is required for a glycosis to continue?

A

Supllies of glucose, NAD and ADP must not run out.

52
Q

When will we run out of ADP

A

When it has all been converted into ATP (No need for glycosis since cell does not need to make anymore ATP)

53
Q

How is NAD generated?

A

2H atoms are transferred to another molecule, in some human/animal cells the H from NADH is transferred to pyrubate turning it into lactate (lactic acid)

54
Q

Where does generation of NAD occur

A

In the cytoplasm

55
Q

How does the regeneration process of NAD work?

A

2NADH are generated by glycosis so at the end of glycosis both NADH can be converted back to NAD

56
Q

A way NAD is regenerated in terms of converting pyruvate

A

Pyruvate can be converted to ethanol and CO2 in a process called alcoholic fermentation, producting 2ATP of glycosis indefinitely

57
Q

What is the type of anaerobic respiration that regenerate NAD with only glycosis called?

A

Lactic acid fermentation

58
Q

Define decarboxylation

A

Is a chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group and releases carbon dioxide

59
Q

What happens in the link reaction

A

Pyruvate enters the matrix of the mitochondria via active trasnport (by a transporter protein). Pyruvic acid is then converted into a usable form acetyl Co-A

60
Q

what is the characteristics of a Krebs cycle

A

They begin adn end with the same substance

61
Q

When happens when a cell’s level of ATP are low?

A

Acetyl coA enters the Krebs cycle

62
Q

Where does the oxidation and decarboxylation of acetyl groups in the krebs cycle with yield of ATP and reduced NAD occur?

A

In the matrix of the mitochondria

63
Q

How much ATP per tun does the Krebs cycle generate

A

1 ATP per turn of acetyl coA by phosphorlyation is generated

64
Q

What happens to most of the chemical energy during the Krebs cycle

A

Most of the chemical energy is transferred ruing the redox reactions

65
Q

What does NADH and FADH2’s role in the oxidation and decarboxylation of acetyl groups in the krebs cycle?

A

They transport their load of high energy electrons to the ETC (Electron transport chain)

66
Q

What is produced as a waste product during the oxidtaion and decarboxylation of acetyl groups in the Krebs cycle

A

CO2 is produced as a waste product

67
Q

What is the substrate during the oxidation and decarboxylation of acetly groups in the krebs cycle?

A

Substrate is usually glucose but can be fat.

68
Q

How many carbons do oxaloacetate have?

A

4 carbon

69
Q

How many carbon do citric acid have?

A

6

70
Q

What does the kreb cycle convert citiric acid back to?

A

Kreb cycle converts citric acicd back to oxalocetate each time acetly Co-A is added

71
Q

What happens during each turn around the cycle in terms of molecules formed?

A
  • 2 decarboxylations (2 CO2 produced)
  • 3 NADH molecules formed
  • 1 FADH2 molecules formed
  • 1 ATP produced
72
Q

What are the totals after the kerbs cycle

A
  • 6 NADH
  • 2 FADH2
  • 2 ATP
73
Q

What happens in the 3rd and fianl step of electron transport chain

A
  • Groups of proteins in the inner mitochondrial memberane act as electron carriers, passing on pairs of electrons (forms ETC)
  • ADP will be converted into ATp using substances released by oxidation
74
Q

What happens to the NADH, the substances oxidized

A

The NADH made in glycolysis, link and Kerbs will provide the electrons to the ETC proteins

75
Q

How does the first protein in teh ETC oxidize NADH?

A

It oxidize NADH by removing 2 electrons ,converting it back to NAD and gaining energy as it does

76
Q

What happens to the FADH2 made in Krebs?

A

FADH2 made in krebs is also transferred to the ETC, providing 2 electrons/H’s

77
Q

Characteristics of Intermembrane space

A

Small space to quickly accumulate proteins

78
Q

Characteristics of inner memberane of the mitochondria

A

Contains ETC and ATp snthase for oxidative phosphorylation

79
Q

Characteristics of matrix of the mitochondria

A

Has appropriate enzymes and a suitable pH for the Krebs cycle

80
Q

Characteristics of the outer membrane of the mitochondria

A

Contains transport proteins for shuffling pyruvate into mitochondrion

81
Q

Characteristics of cristae of the mitochondria

A

Highly folded so as to increase SA Vol ratio

82
Q

What happens after the electrons from NADH are accepted by the first protein in the ETC

A

The electrons are passed from carrier to carrier, releasing energy at each step

83
Q

What is the energy released (from the 3 proteins) used for?

A

It is used to transfer protons across the inner membrane (from the matrix) into the intermembrane space.

84
Q

How are proteins therefore acting as proton pumps

A

Because they have to move against the concentration gradient

85
Q

What is the high H+ gradient created in the inner membrane space

A

This space is stored energy that will be used to generate ATP

86
Q

How many H+ do each proteins pump?

A

First to proteins (I and II) each pump 4H+, the third (III) pumps 2H+ for a total of 10H+ for each pair of electrons reduced from one NAD

87
Q

How many protons do FADH2 pump?

A

They only pump 6 protons for every 2 electrons

88
Q

Why do FADH2 only pump 6 protons

A

It is due to its location further down the chain

89
Q
A

Biology HL 11 (13 decks)

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