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biology hl 11 > Carbohydrates & Lipids > Flashcards

Carbohydrates & Lipids Flashcards

Unit 2: Biomolecules

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What does Carbon allow?

A

Carbon contains four electrons in is outer shell allowing it to form four covalent bonds with other elements

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2
Q

What bonds are the strongest?

A

Covalent Bonds! Carbon based molecules are very stable

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3
Q

Are carbon chains straight?

A

No! They aren’t due to bond angles

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4
Q

Define Carbohydrates

A

They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and have a general fomula of CH2O

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5
Q

Define Macromolecules

A

They have a very large number of atoms

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6
Q

How are macromolecules created?

A

They are created by linking together subunits called monomers.

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7
Q

What forms polymers?

A

Condensation Reactions!

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8
Q

Define condensation reactions

A

They are a reaction that links two molecules together and releases a smaller molecule.

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9
Q

What’s needed in the condensation reaction?

A

Energy (ATP)

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10
Q

Define polysaccharides

A

A condensation reactions that keep adding more and more monomer links

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11
Q

Example of a polysaccharides

A

Starch, glycogen and cellulose

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12
Q

Define glycosidic bonds

A

The bond that links the glucose (Glucose + Glucose + Glucose …)

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13
Q

What do deconstruction of polymers provide?

A

They can provide energy or to reuse parts for new construction

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14
Q

What deconstructs?

A

Hyrolysis reactions

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15
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Suagars with between 3 and 7 carbon atoms.

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16
Q

Charateristics of monosaccharides

A

They (especially glucose) are soluble so easy to transport

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17
Q

What’s created when monosaccharides are broken down?

A

ATP, useful as a quick energy source.

18
Q

What happens to prevent dissolved glucose affecting osmolarity?

A

Lots of dissolved glucose increases osmolarity, so it is stored in glycogen (starch) which is not soluble.

19
Q

What can alpha glucose molecules produce?

A

Alpha glucose molecules linked together can form starch (in plants) and glycogen (in animals)

20
Q

What are two types of starch?

A

Amylopectin and amylose

21
Q

Define tensile strength

A

Maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking

22
Q

What are cellulose made up of?

A

They are made up of beta glucose

23
Q

Functions of cellulose as a structural polysaccharides in plants?

A

They make up cell walls. Chemical nature gives it high tensil strength and provies support, does not burst even under high water pressures

24
Q

What are glycoproteins used for

A

They are used for cell to cell recognition

25
Q

Roles of glycoprotiens in cell to cell recognition

A

Helps to organize tissue an dallow identification of foreign cells that can be marked for destruction

26
Q

What are lipids composed of?

A

Usually of three ftty acids, covalently bonded ot a 3 carbon coompound

27
Q

Characteristics of lipids

A

They are hydrophobic! Insoluble in H2O but soluble in non-polar organic solvents

28
Q

Define triglyceride

A

3 Fatty acids plus glycerol

29
Q

What’s an ester bond?

A

Reaction that occurs between carboxyl group on fatty acid and hydroxyl group on the glycerol

30
Q

What reactions occurs during the formation of triglyerides and phospholipids

A

Condensation reactions

31
Q

What determines if it is an oil or a fat?

A

TYPE OF FATTY ACID

32
Q

Define adipose tissue

A

Group of specialized cells that store fat/triglycerides (under the skin, around some organs). In animals, used for long term storage of energy

33
Q

Characteristics of adipose tissue?

A

Chemically stable, do not contribute to the osmotic pressure.

34
Q

Adipose tissue as shock absorber

A

They are a good shock absorber as they are liquid at body temp.

35
Q

Adipose tissue as heat conducters

A

They are poor heat conductors

36
Q

Adipose tissue as a storage?

A

they are difficult to digest and cannot be easily transported so more useful for long term energy, not quick access

37
Q

Define Steroids

A

They are group of lipid molecules that don’t have fatty acids chains but share the hydrophobic nature like other lipids.

38
Q

What are steroids identified based on?

A
  • Four fused non polar carbon rings
  • 3 cyclohexane rings and one cyclopentane ring
39
Q

Define steroid hormone

A

It’s a steroid that functions as a signalling molecule within the body

40
Q
A

biology hl 11 (12 decks)

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