Cell Division Flashcards
Unit 1, Cell Biology
Importance of cell production
New cells need to be produced for growth, maintenance and reproduction
What is zygote
Zygote is the original mother cell in a human that through division leads to the trillion of other cells in a human
Define Mitosis
Nuclear cell division that produces identical cells.
Daughter cells have the same amount of chromosomes and genes as their mother
Define Meiosis
Nuclear cell division that produces genetically unique cells.
Daughter cells have half amount of chromosomes than their mother. Genetic diversity allowing evolution.
What is the first step of eukaryotes cell division
They must first divide their nucleus to avoid creating new cells that are lacking a nucleus
Define cell proliferation
It is a rapid increase in the number of cells (cell division is faster than cell death)
Importance of cell proliferation
in multicellular organisms it is needed for growth, cell replacement and tissue repair
Example of growth
In animals, proliferation occurs at a high rate during embryonic phases of growth and continues in juvenile phases
In plants, it is confined to growth regions called meristems
Cell replacement example
Skin epidermis cells are replaced throughout a humans life, continuous division below the skin’s surface gradually pushes older cells to the surface.
Example of tissue repair
It occrs in undifferentiated stem cells are present such as in the skin, repair can happen in a matter of days
Define cell cycle
It is the series of events that occur during the life of a cell. Cells proliferate in the mitosis phase of the cell cycle.
Different phases of mitosis
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
What is mitotic phase
Process of mitosis (nuclear division) followed by cytokinesis (divides the cytoplasm and its contents)
What is Interphase
Time between one mitosis and the next
Interphase = G1+S+G2
What is a G1 phase?
Phase afer mitosis and before DNA replication, active growth, each chromosome is a single DNA molecule (unduplicated)
What is a S phase?
All DNA in the nucleus is replicated or copied resulting in identical pairs of DNA
What is a G2 phase?
More growth and preparation for division, DNA still duplicated
What happens to chromosomes after S phase
After S phase, there will be pairs of idential molecules (chromosomes) due to the repliction of DNA
What is a cohesin?
Cohesin complex holds the chromatids together until anaphase of mitosis
What is centromere?
A constricted region of a chromosome where cohesin loops join the chromatids
What happens to chromosomes during mitosis
Chromosomes are in a condensed and organized form
What is chromosomes made up of?
Chromosomes are made up of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones
Define Cyclins
They are a group of proteins that help progress the cell through the cell cycle
Function of each cyclins
Cyclin activates a different group of proteins, and the group of proteins is specific to the desired actions of that point in the cell cycle.