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Biology > Cell Replication & Genetics > Flashcards

Cell Replication & Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

This is the type of cell replication used by eukaryotic cells.

A

The cell cycle.

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2
Q

The form of the cell cycle is used by somatic cells to create exact copies of the parent cell.

A

Mitosis

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3
Q

This form of the cell cycle is used for germ cells (reproductive cells) and creates daughter cells with half the genetic information of the parent cell.

A

Meiosis

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4
Q

This is DNA wound around proteins called histones.

A

Chromatin

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5
Q

This is a supercoil of DNA ready for cell replication.

A

Chromosome

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6
Q

This is a replicated chromosome.

A

Chromatid

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7
Q

Two identical chromosomes held together by a centromere.

A

Sister chromatids

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8
Q

The first phase of the cell cycle.

A

Interphase

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9
Q

The phase during preparation where the cell grows to roughly double its size.

A

G1

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10
Q

The phase during preparation when DNA is replicated.

A

S

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11
Q

Period during preparation when organelles are replicated.

A

G2

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12
Q

Mitosis is the division of…

A

The nucleus

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13
Q

A human somatic cell has a diploid number of

A

46 chromosomes

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14
Q

After interphase a somatic cell has his number of chromosomes

A

92

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15
Q

The first phase in mitosis is

A

Prophase

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16
Q

During prophase these form, to act has anchors to guide chromosomes

A

Centrioles

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17
Q

During prophase these form to act as ropes to facilitate the movement of chromosomes.

A

Spindle fibers

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18
Q

This type of spindle fiber keeps the centrioles at opposite ends of the cell.

A

Polar fibers

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19
Q

This type of spindle fiber is attached to the chromosomes and controls their movement.

A

Kinetochore fibers

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20
Q

Chromosomes are formed during this phase and are paired with their “sister”.

A

Prophase

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21
Q

This is the phase where the nuclear membrane breaks down.

A

Prophase

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22
Q

This is the phase where sister chromatids are moved to the center of the cell.

A

Metaphase

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23
Q

This is the phase where the centromeres break, separating the sister chromatids.

A

Anaphase

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24
Q

During this phase, the chromosomes relax, the spindle fibers retract, the nuclear membrane reappears, and the cell begins to pinch in.

A

Telophase

25
Q

This is literally the “separation of the cytoplasm”. The process that creates daughter cells.

A

Cytokinesis

26
Q

At the end of cytokinesis, somatic daughter cells have this many chromosomes.

A

46

27
Q

Meiosis differs in that there are this many divisions of the nucleus.

A

2

28
Q

At the end of cytokinesis, germ cells have this many chromosomes

A

23 (haploid)

29
Q

This is a unique feature to meiosis, it occurs in metaphase I, it’s when the homologous chromosomes pair up.

A

Synapsis

30
Q

During metaphase I, this phenomenon of swapping genetic information can occur.

A

Crossing over

31
Q

At the end of the meiosis cell cycle this type of cell is formed.

A

Gamete (egg and sperm)

32
Q

This is the process of forming male gametes, it’s begins at puberty and continues for the males lifetime.

A

Spermatogenesis

33
Q

This is the process of forming female gametes. It begins at puberty and ends at menopause.

A

Oogenesis

34
Q

This is the process of passing down genetic information from one generation to the next.

A

Inheritance

35
Q

This is the study of inheritance

A

Genetics

36
Q

Any characteristic that varies among individuals in a population.

A

Trait

37
Q

The segment of DNA that codes for a trait or protein.

A

Gene

38
Q

The genetic composition of a trait

A

Genotype

39
Q

The physical appearance of a trait

A

Phenotype

40
Q

A variation of a gene

A

Allele

41
Q

An allele that has the ability to mask another allele. Given a capital letter.

A

Dominant

42
Q

An allele that can be hidden. Given a lowercase letter.

A

Recessive

43
Q

When the alleles for a trait are the same.

A

Homozygous

44
Q

When the alleles for a trait are different

A

Heterozygous

45
Q

When plants self-pollinate creating “pure” organisms.

A

True-breeding

46
Q

Cross-pollination of plants with opposite traits.

A

Cross breeding

47
Q

Offspring that are the product of parents with opposing traits

A

Hybrid

48
Q

Plant species Mendel used

A

Peas

49
Q

This principle stated that some alleles had the ability to cover up others. You see one phenotype, but the allele for the other is still there…just hidden.

A

Dominance and recessiveness

50
Q

This principle states that alleles for a trait separate during the formation of gametes. Offspring get half from mom and half from dad.

A

Segregation

51
Q

This principle states that the selection of an allele is done at random, there is no pattern.

A

Independent assortment

52
Q

This is when the dominant allele doesn’t fully cover the recessive and in the heterozygous you see an intermediate phenotype.

A

Incomplete dominance

53
Q

This is when the dominant and recessive alleles both show in the phenotype.

A

Co-dominance

54
Q

When 3 or more alleles control a trait

A

Multiple alleles

55
Q

When more than one gene is involved in the expression of a trait

A

Polygenetic

56
Q

When sister chromatids fail to separate correctly or DNA is copied incorrectly

A

Genetic disorder

57
Q

The manipulation of an organisms DNA

A

Genetic engineering

58
Q

This is the type of cell replication used by bacteria and other prokaryotes.

A

Binary fission

Biology (8 decks)

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