Cell recognition and immune system - Yr 1 Flashcards
Pathogen
A microorganism that causes disease
Self
The body’s own cells and molecules.
Foreign (non-self)
Not your own body’s cells and molecules.
Antigen
A molecule that triggers an immune response by lymphocytes.
Lymphocyte
Type of white blood cell responsible for the immune response. They become activated in the presence of antigens. There are two types: B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes.
Phagocyte
Type of white blood cell which carries out a non-specific immune response and ingests and breaks down pathogens by phagocytosis.
Phagocytosis
Mechanism by which phagocytes engulf particles to form a vesicle or a vacuole.
Lysosome
Contain enzymes called lysozymes which they release into the phagosome which hydrolyse the bacterium.
Phagosome
A vesicle formed as the bacterium is engulfed by the phagocyte. The lysosome release their lysozymes into the phagosome.
Antigen-presentation
When an antigen-presenting cell e.g. phagocyte displays foreign antigens on their own cell-surface membrane.
Cell-mediated immunity
The type of response when T lymphocytes respond to antigens that are presented on a body cell.
T Cells
Cells which mature in the thymus and are associated with cell-mediated immunity.
Clonal Selection
As the receptor on a helper T cell attaches to the antigen this activates the T cell to divide rapidly by mitosis and form a clone of genetically identical cells. These cloned T cells stimulate B cells to divide and form a clone of identical B cells all of which produce the antibody that is specific to the foreign antigen.
TH cells (helper T cell)
Contain receptors which respond to a single antigen. Many different types of T cell, each one responds to a different antigen.
TC cells (cytotoxic T cells)
Kill abnormal cells and body cells that are infected by pathogens by producing a protein called perforin which makes holes in the cell-surface membrane.