Biological molecules - Yr 1 Flashcards
Name 4 types of biological molecule
Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids (water)
What elements are found in carbohydrates?
Carbon, Oxygen and Hydrogen
C, O & H
What elements are found in lipids?
Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
C, H, O
What elements are found in the basic amino acid?
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
(many other elements can be found in the functional R-Group of the amino acids
What two molecules make up starch
Amylose and amylopectin
What glycosidic bonds are found in amylose?
1,4 glycosidic bonds
What glycosidic bonds are found in amylopectin?
1,4 AND 1,6 glycosidic bonds
Draw alpha glucose
Image here
http://www.robertbarrington.net/alpha-glucose/
Draw Fructose
Image here:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose_malabsorption
Draw maltose
image here:
https://www.quora.com/How-does-maltose-and-starch-differ
What monomers make maltose?
Two alpha glucose
What monomers make up sucrose?
Fructose and glucose
What monomers make up lactose?
Glucose and galactose
What bone is formed between sugar monomers?
Glycosidic
What type of reaction adds monomers together in biological molecules
Condensation - water is given out as a product
What type of reaction splits monomers in biological molecules?
Hydrolysis - water is needed as a reactant to split the molecules
Draw a basic amino acid
image here:
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Medical_Physiology/Basic_Biochemistry/Amino_Acids_and_Proteins
What bond forms between amino acids?
peptide
What names are given to proteins as they form greater levels of complexity?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quarternary
What is the primary structure of a protein
A single chain of amino acids
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
When hydrogen bonding has formed
Or di-suphide bridges
Often an alpha helix shape or a beta pleated sheet
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
When the protein is fully folded, still one folded amino acid chain. It can incorporate other elements or molecules in it. Can be globular in shape (enzymes)
What is a quarternary protein?
This is a complete protein that is made from more than one amino added chain attached to one another. So multiple tertiary proteins attached to each other. Haemoglobin is an example of four tertiary proteins (each incorporating a Haem group (Iron)) all attached to one another
What are lipids made from?
Glycerol and fatty acids?
What is a triglyceride?
one glycerol with 3 Fatty Acids attached
What bond is formed in lipids?
Ester bonds
What gives triglycerides different properties?
The variation in the fatty acid chains
What can be different about the fatty acid chains?
they can be longer or shorter
they can contain no, single or multiple double bonds
What do double bonds between carbon atoms in fatty acid chains do to the property?
They put bends in the chain (kinks) this makes the final triglyceride less dense and more reactive in metabolism
What difference does the length of fatty acid chain make to the property of a triglyceride
the longer the chain the higher the melting point
eg Long chain fatty acids will be solid at room temperature