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ANATOMY > Cell Physiology > Flashcards

Cell Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What does Physiology mean?

A

the science of the functioning of living organisms

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2
Q

What are the four parts in the cell theory?

A
  1. a cell is a basic structure and function
  2. Activity of an organism depends on the collective activities of its cells
  3. biochemical activities of cells are dictated by their structure, which determines their function
  4. Continuity of life has a cellular basis
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3
Q

What four elements are cells composed of?

A
  1. Carbon
  2. Hydrogen (60%)
  3. Oxygen
  4. Nitrogen
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4
Q

How many cells does the human body have?

A

50-100 trillion

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5
Q

What sizes can cells range from?

A

2 micrometers to 1 meter

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6
Q

What are some shapes that cells can take?

A

cubes, flat, cylindrical, star

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7
Q

What are the three main parts of the cell?

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Plasma Membrane
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8
Q

What is known about the plasma membrane?

A
  1. fragile, transparent barrier
  2. consists of two phospholipid layers
  3. “tail to tail” 0= =0
  4. Cholesterol floats inside of it
  5. proteins scattered inside form a constantly changing pattern
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9
Q

What are the two specializations of the Plasma Membrane?

A
  1. Microvilli
  2. Microjunctions
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10
Q

what is known about microvilli?

A
  1. finger-like
  2. increases surface area
  3. Absorption
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11
Q

What are the three subunits of microjunctons?

A
  1. Tight Junction
  2. Desmosomes
  3. Gap Junction
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12
Q

What is tight junction?

A

nothing can get past through the tight space of the two cells.

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13
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Muscle riveting, interlocked, fused together (ex: skin)

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14
Q

What is Gap Junction?

A

An opening of spaces between two cells (Ex: Salts, water)

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15
Q

What is known about the Cytoplasm?

A
  1. cellular material both outside and inside the nucleus
  2. site of most cellular activities
  3. Includes cytosol, inclusions, and organelles
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16
Q

What are the three major parts in the cytoplasm?

A
  1. Cytosol
  2. Inclusions
  3. Organelles
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17
Q

What is cytosol?

A

fluid that suspends other elements and contains nutrients and electrolytes

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18
Q

What are inclusions?

A

chemical substances (stores nutrients or cell products) that float in the cytosol

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19
Q

What are organelles?

A

Metabolic machinery of the cell that perform functions of the cell

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20
Q

What is known about the Mitochondria?

A
  1. Powerhouse of the cell
  2. Any food you eat is transported to the mitochondria and turned into ATP
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21
Q

What is known about Ribosomes?

A
  1. Proteins are made there
  2. Made up of protein and rRNA
  3. Found in Rough ER or cytoplasm
22
Q

What are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A
  1. Smooth ER
  2. Rough ER
23
Q

What is known about smooth ER?

A
  1. does not have ribosomes
  2. functions in lipid metabolism (making and breaking down)
  3. detoxification of drugs and pesticides and alcohol
24
Q

What is known about rough ER?

A
  1. series of tubules
  2. proteins are made
  3. transports vesicles and moves proteins within cell
  4. attached to the nuclear membrane
  5. takes up half of the cell
  6. Lysosomes are made
25
Q

What is known about the Golgi Apparatus?

A
  1. Appears as a stack of flattened membranes
  2. modifies, packages, and ships proteins
26
Q

What is known about Lysosomes?

A
  1. breaks down and recycles old cell parts
  2. contains hydrolytic enzymes (powerful digestive enzymes)
  3. small membrane-bound sac
27
Q

What is known about peroxisomes?

A
  1. helps detoxify
  2. coverts hydrogen peroxide into water
  3. breaks down alcohol and free radicals
28
Q

What is known about the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. network of fibers that give internal framework for the cell
29
Q

Three types of protein fibers in the cytoskeleton:

A
  1. microfilaments
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Microtubules
30
Q

What is known about centrioles?

A
  1. only in animal cells
  2. a bunch of protein fibers
  3. looks like mini twizlers
  4. they make microtubules during Mitosis
31
Q

What are the cell types?

A
  1. cells that connect two parts (fibroblast)
  2. cells that cover/line body organs (epithelial)
  3. cells that move (muscle cells)
  4. cells that store nutrients (fat cells)
  5. cells that fight disease (white blood cells)
  6. cells that gather info (nerve cells)
  7. Cells used for reproduction (egg and sperm)
32
Q

What are the six functions of a cell?

A
  1. digest foods
  2. dispose of waste
  3. Reproduce new cells
  4. Grow
  5. Move
  6. Respond to a stimulus
33
Q

What is membrane transport?

A

the movement of particles (solute) across or through a membranous barrier. What goes in and out of the cell.

34
Q

What is a solution?

A

Homogeneous mixture (distributed evenly)

35
Q

what are the two parts of a solution?

A
  1. Solvent: dissolving median
  2. Solute: found in small amounts
36
Q

What is Selective Permeability?

A

Selects and chooses what goes in and out of the cell.

37
Q

What are the two types of membrane transport?

A
  1. Passive Transport
  2. Active Transport
38
Q

What is passive transport?

A
  1. it uses NO ENERGY
  2. Diffusion: moves from an area of greater concentration to lower concentration.
  3. Goes down the concentration gradient
39
Q

What are the three types of passive transport?

A
  1. Simple Diffusion
  2. Osmosis
  3. Facilitated Diffusion
40
Q

What happens in Simple Diffusion in passive transport?

A

small, non- polar molecules go through the membrane

41
Q

What non-polar things can go through the membrane in Simple Diffusion?

A

Oxygen, and Carbon Dioxide (water cannot because water is polar)

42
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. It goes from a greater concentration to a lesser concentration.

43
Q

What are the three types of Osmosis?

A

Isotonic, Hypotonic, and Hypertonic Solutions

44
Q

What happens in an isotonic solution?

A

The solute inside the cell is the same amount as the solute outside of the cell.

45
Q

What happens in a Hypotonic solution?

A

when there is more water outside of the cell and lesser percentage of water in, so the water outside of the cell moves into the cell, this causes cell combustion.

46
Q

What is a Hypertonic Solution

A

when there is more water inside the cell than outside, so the water inside the cell moves to the outside of the cell, cause the cell to shrink.

47
Q

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

A

When you use proteins as a transport for larger molecules into the cell (EX: Glucose). It uses pressure to push a solution

48
Q

What is Active Transport?

A
  1. It uses ENERGY
  2. it pumps AGAINST the concentration gradient
  3. Uses ATP
  4. it has to use energy to get into the cell
  5. K+ (potassium) is inside the cell, Na (sodium) is outside the cell.
49
Q

Who discovered cells? And how?

A

Robert Hook; by looking at a cork.

50
Q

What is an example of an isotonic solution?

A

cytoplasm

51
Q

What is extracellular (interstitial) fluid?

A

the fluid found outside and between cells. (fluid is made up of water, amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, salts)

ANATOMY (12 decks)

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