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ANATOMY > Basic Chemistry Test Review > Flashcards

Basic Chemistry Test Review Flashcards

1
Q

What element is found in all organic compounds?

A

Carbon

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2
Q

List three types of inorganic compounds:

A

H2O, Salts, Acids and Bases

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3
Q

Identify four special properties of water:

A

Universal solvent, moderates temperature, chemical reactions take place, acts as a cushion

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4
Q

Give examples of salts:

A

NaCl, MgBr2, and CaCl2

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5
Q

Describe the pH scale:

A

A measure of the acidity of alkalinity of a solution

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6
Q

What are the descriptions of an acid?

A

Acids are corrosive, sour, donates hydrogen ions, and all start with an H

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7
Q

What are the descriptions of a base?

A

Bases are bitter, corrosive, slippery, accepts hydrogen ions, and all end in OH

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8
Q

What happens in substances where there are an equal amount of acids and bases?

A

they cancel each other and neutralize each other

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9
Q

What does an acid and base form when they neutralize each other?

A

salt water

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10
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.4

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11
Q

What are the three types of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides

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12
Q

What process forms organic molecules?

A

Dehydration synthesis

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13
Q

What process breaks organic molecules?

A

Hydrolysis

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14
Q

What is the formula for a monosaccharide?

A

C6H12O6

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15
Q

What are some functions of carbohydrates?

A

Acts as an energy source, helps control blood glucose, insulin, and metabolism, and helps with fermentation

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16
Q

What are the three types of Lipids?

A

Triglyceride, Phospholipids, and steroids

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17
Q

Where are lipids usually found?

A

in the cell membrane or stored in fats

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18
Q

Are lipids soluble in water?

A

absolutely not

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19
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

energy reserve, regulates hormones, cushions vital organs, transmit nerves impulses

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20
Q

What are the subunits of proteins?

A

Amino Acids

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21
Q

How many amino acids exist?

A

20

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22
Q

What is an R group?

A

any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached to the rest of the molecule

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23
Q

What are the two types of proteins

A

fibrous and globular proteins

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24
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst

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25
Q

What is an enzyme’s function?

A

To make a break things

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26
Q

Are enzymes reausable?

A

yes

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27
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

It contains our genetic info

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28
Q

What is the general shape of DNA?

A

double helix

29
Q

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

A

Found in different locations (DNA is found in the cell nucleus and RNA is found in the cytoplasm) made up of different bases (DNA has AGTC, RNA has AGCU) have different structures (DNA has double helix, RNA is single-stranded), and have different sugars (DNA has deoxyribose sugars and RNA has ribose sugars)

30
Q

What are the subunits of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

31
Q

What is the function of ATP?

A

Provides energy that all body cells can use

32
Q

How is energy release from ATP?

A

energy is released as glucose is oxidized

33
Q

What is the name for ATP?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

34
Q

What organic compound does ATP follow under?

A

Nucleic Acids

35
Q

Where is ATP found?

A

Mitochondria (powerhouse)

36
Q

What happens to the glucose when you eat foods?

A

turns into ATP

37
Q

What is released and brought back as ADP and ATP form?

A

Phosphates and energy

38
Q

What are the elements of carbohydrates?

A

CHO

39
Q

What are the elements of Lipids?

A

CHO

40
Q

What are the elements of Proteins?

A

CHON

41
Q

What are the elements of Nucleic Acids?

A

CHONP

42
Q

What is the monomer of Carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides

43
Q

What are the monomers for lipids?

A

glycerol and fatty acids

44
Q

What is the monomer for proteins?

A

Amino Acids

45
Q

What is the monomer for nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

46
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

A compound that contains carbon

47
Q

What are inorganic compounds?

A

A compound that does NOT contain carbon

48
Q

What is glucose, galactose, and fructose?

A

monosaccharide

49
Q

What is maltose, sucrose, and lactose?

A

Disaccharides

50
Q

What is starch, chitin, and glycogen?

A

Polysaccharide

51
Q

What are the two types of Fatty Acids?

A

Unsaturated (exist as oils @ room temp) and saturated (exist as solids @ room temp) acids

52
Q

What is a triglyceride made up of?

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains

53
Q

What is a phospholipid made up of?

A

1 glycerol and 2 fatty acid chains

54
Q

What are some examples of steroids?

A

cholesterol, Vitamin-D, Hormones, bile salts

55
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino Acids

56
Q

What are the four levels of protein structures?

A

Primary Structure, Secondary Structure, Tertiary Structure, and Quaternary Structure

57
Q

What does the primary protein structure look like?

A

One long, single strand made up of amino acids (beads)

58
Q

What does the secondary protein structure look like?

A

Chains of amino acids that are twisted and bent, sometimes folds on themselves (two types: alpha or beta- pleated sheets)

59
Q

What does the Tertiary protein structure look like?

A

Compact, ball-like structure (looks like a glob)

60
Q

What does the Quaternary protein structure look like?

A

globs that all fit perfectly together like puzzle pieces

61
Q

How can proteins be denatured?

A

by change in pH, temperature, and salt concentration

62
Q

What do we use proteins for?

A

Antibodies, Hormones, Transport Proteins, and enzymes (catalysts)

63
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

causes chemical reactions to go faster (catalyst)

64
Q

what is the body of an enzyme made up of?

A

1 substrate and 1 active site (lock and key)

65
Q

Two types of nucleic acids:

A

nucleotides and ATP

66
Q

What are the three things that make up nucleotides?

A

Sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

67
Q

Things that make up a nitrogenous base:

A

Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Uracil (U)

68
Q

Difference between Hydrodlysis Dehydration Synthesis:

A

Hydrolysis releases energy and Dehydration synthesis requires it, hydrolysis breaks molecules down and dehydration synthesis builds molecules up, in hydrolysis water is added to the molecules to dissolve bonds, and in dehydration synthesis water is removed to bond molecules together

ANATOMY (12 decks)

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