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Patho > Cell Pathology & Inflammation > Flashcards

Cell Pathology & Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Typically, fibroblasts can survive without oxygen longer than either myocardial or kidney cells.

A

1 True

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2
Q

T/F: The decrease in size seen in the thymus gland after puberty is an example of pathologic atrophy.

A

2 False; it’s physiologic atrophy

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3
Q

T/F: Hypertrophy and hyperplasia never (or very seldom) occur together, so that typically organs or tissues undergo one or the other, but not both simultaneously.

A

3 False; in fact, most times they do occur together

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4
Q

T/F: Macrophages are the most abundant of the blood-borne leukocytes, and are typically the first inflammatory cells to appear on the site of an early inflammation.

A

4 False; PMNs are most numerous. “Never let monkeys eat bananas!”

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5
Q

T/F: Inflammation is best thought of as an injurious process that offers few real benefits to the body.

A

5 False; some of the benefits are given in a later question on this review sheet

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6
Q

__________________________ inflammation lasts a few hours to a few days, while _________________________ inflammation lasts, well, longer.

A

10 Acute, chronic

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7
Q

___________________ refers to the reduced availability of oxygen.

A

11 Hypoxia

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8
Q

A(n) ______________________ is a cavity, usually occupied previously by an abscess, that drains through a channel to the surface of the body.

A

12 Sinus

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9
Q

____________________ refers to a lack of oxygen.

A

13 Anoxia

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10
Q

A(n) __________________________ is a channel formed between two pre-existing cavities or a hollow organ and the surface of the body.

A

14 Fistula

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11
Q

___________________________ is a decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or the entire body.

A

15 Atrophy

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12
Q

____________________ refers to the accumulation of pus in a pre-formed body cavity, such as pus collecting in the pleural cavity.

A

16 Empyema

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13
Q

_________________________________ refers to the weight loss, wasting of muscle, loss of appetite, and general debility that can occur during a chronic disease.

A

17 Cachexia

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14
Q

________________________ cells and ____________________________ cells lead the body’s defense against cancerous and virus-infected cells by killing such cells when they find them.

A

18 Natural killer, cytotoxic T

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15
Q

______________________ refers to an increase in the size of tissues or organs owing to an enlargement of individual cells.

A

19 Hypertrophy

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16
Q

The _____________________________ consists of a family of proteins that are released by virus- infected cells and that temporarily turn off protein production in nearby cells; without the ability to make proteins, viruses cannot replicate inside host cells.

A

20 Interferons

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17
Q

_________________________________ refers to an increase in the size of tissues and organs due to an increase in cell numbers.

A

21 Hyperplasia

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18
Q

_______________________ is a family of at least 20 plasma proteins (chalk up another job for that liver!) which circulate in blood in an inactive state and which, when activated by antibodies or other means, fight would-be pathogens; e.g., these activated proteins can form membrane attack complexes, which lyse nearby (and hopefully foreign!) cells

A

22 Complement

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19
Q

________________________________ is a type of adaptation whereby cells change from one type to another as, for example, epithelial cells changing from columnar to squamous.

A

23 Metaplasia

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20
Q

______________________ necrosis occurs when ischemic tissue switches to anaerobic respiration and the resulting high levels of intracellular metabolic acids denature cell proteins, disrupt the nucleus and cause cell death.

A

24 Coagulative

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21
Q

_________________________________ refers to abnormal formation at the cellular, tissue, or organ level; e.g., cell changes characterized by a disorderly arrangement of cells and also nuclear atypia.

A

25 Dysplasia

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22
Q

_______________________ necrosis occurs when dead tissue softens and “turns to mush;” most commonly this is seen in necrotic brain tissue or in localized infections.

A

26 Liquefactive

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23
Q

_________________________________ is defined as an increased sensitivity to pain.

A

27 Hyperalgesia

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24
Q

A(n) _________________________ is a localized collection of pus within an organ or tissue.

A

28 Abscess

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25
Q

__________________________ are chemicals that cause the body’s thermostat to be reset upwards, resulting in fever.

A

29 Pyrogens

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26
Q

List seven classic symptoms of inflammation, including the four cardinal signs (swelling, etc.) and three constitutional symptoms. The first answer has been completed for you already (1 pt each; 6 pts total).

A

30 Redness, heat, pain, loss of function, fever, leukocytosis, exhaustion, fatigue, weakness, depression, loss of appetite, generalized pain

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27
Q

Which ONE of the following is best describes why some NSAIDs such as aspirin relieve inflammation but cause gastric bleeding while others— COX-2 inhibitors such as celebrex— alleviate joint inflammation but do not damage the gastric mucosa?

A. Unlike aspirin, COX-2 inhibitors cannot cross the gastric mucosa to damage the mucus-secreting cells, which leaves the mucous layer intact and protects against bleeding

B. COX-2 inhibitors are generally taken by intravenous injection, so that they do not have the chance to damage the gastric mucosa

C. COX-2 inhibitors decrease the production of eicosanoids (e.g., prostaglandins) in the inflammatory response but, unlike COX-1 inhibitors, do not decrease its low-level production for normal housekeeping tasks (such as maintaining the gastric mucosa)

D. (The question is flawed, Mr. Silly! COX-2 inhibitors do cause considerable gastric bleeding).

A

40 C

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28
Q

Which of the following lists the five types of leukocytes in the human body in order from most abundant to least abundant?
A. (most) eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes (fewest). B. (most) basophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes, neutrophils (fewest). C. (most) neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes (fewest). D. (most) neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils (fewest).

A

41 D; there’s that “banana” thing again (or was it, “Never let Mama eat beans!”)

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29
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE regarding eicosanoids (leukotrienes, prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and/or prostacyclins)?

A. Thromboxane encourages, and prostacyclin inhibits, platelet aggregation

B. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes mediate inflammation

C. Prostaglandins have wide-reaching effects about the body, affecting organs from the kidneys to the uterus to the stomach

D. NSAIDs inhibit the formation of all eicosanoids from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2

E. (None, Mr. Silly! All of the above are true about eicosanoids)

A

42 D; this statement is true of corticosteroids, which inhibit phospholipase A2, not NSAIDs (which
inhibit cyclooxygenase)

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30
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE of complement?

A. Complement consists of a family of about 20 proteins

B. Inactive complement proteins are made by the liver

C. One mode of action of activated complement is to cause membrane attack complexes to form in the cell
membranes of nearby (and hopefully foreign) cells, causing them to lyse

D. Another mode of action of activated complement is to coat bacterial surfaces, making them easier for
phagocytes to eat

E. Another mode of action of activated complement is to increase inflammation

F. (None, Mr. Silly! All of the above are true about complement)

A

43 F; remarkable proteins made by which remarkable organ???

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31
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE of antibodies which have bound their antigen?

A. One mode of action of such antibodies is to fix complement, which augments the immune system in a number of ways, including cell lysis

B. Another mode of action of such antibodies is to precipitate toxins and foreign substances out of solution

C. Yet another mode of action of such antibodies is to directly inject toxic substances into bacterial cells, killing them

D. Yet another mode of action of such antibodies is to neutralize the active sites of foreign proteins such as
enzymes and receptors

E. (None, Mr. Silly! All of the above are true of antibodies)

A

44 C; antibodies cannot directly kill anything; they facilitate other process to do the killing

32
Q

An increase in tissue/organ size due to an increase in cell numbers

A

50i Hyperplasia

33
Q

The increase in skeletal muscle mass seen in Arnold the bodybuilder during his prime competitive years

A

ii hypertrophy

34
Q

The loss of muscle tissue in a bed-ridden AIDS patient

A

iii F atrophy

35
Q

In this pre-cancerous condition, cervical epithelial cells have become disorderly and look atypical

A

iv D dysplasia

36
Q

A cancerous tumor growing in the pancreas

A

v E neoplasia

37
Q

Barrett’s esophagus; the change in the esophageal mucosa from a stratified squamous to a simple glandular epithelium

A

vi C metaplasia

38
Q

The decrease in size of uterine and breast tissue as hormonal support is withdrawn after menopause

A

vii F atrophy

39
Q

The loss of once-considerable skeletal muscle mass seen in Arnold during his later years, as he gives up on bodybuilding and settles into the sedentary life as a governor of the hypothetical state of Kahleefornea

A

viii F atrophy

40
Q

After years of irritation by cigarette smoke, the normal simple columar epithelium of the bronchial tubes transforms into a stratified squamous epithelium

A

ix C metaplasia

41
Q

The antibody class capable of fixing complement through the entire cascade (to C9)

A

51i IgM

42
Q

The only antibody class which can cross the placenta

A

52ii IgG

43
Q

The only antibody class whose stems can bind to mast cells and basophils, causing histamine degranulation; important in allergies

A

iii IgE

44
Q

The antibody class capable of fixing complement but only partially through the cascade (to C3)

A

iv IgG

45
Q

The antibody class typical of acute inflammation

A

v IgM

46
Q

The antibody class commonly found in body secretions such as sweat, tears, saliva, and milk

A

vi IgA

47
Q

The antibody class typical of chronic inflammation

A

vii IgG

48
Q

The antibody class that confers passive immunity to baby in utero

A

viii IgG

49
Q

The most abundant and diverse antibody class in the plasma

A

ix IgG

50
Q

The antibody class (from mom!) that provides passive immunity to baby postnatally

A

x IgA

51
Q

An inflammation commonly caused by pus-forming bacteria and usually characterized by the accumulation of pus in some sort of cavity

A

52i C purulent

52
Q

A mild inflammation characterized by an exudate that is clear and contains relatively few cells

A

ii A serous

53
Q

A more severe inflammation—and one more often seen in certain bacterial infections— characterized by an exudate that is rich in fibrin

A

iii B fibrinous

54
Q

Common examples of this inflammation include skin vesicles caused by herpesvirus, the hydroarthrosis of rheumatoid arthritis, and the blisters of the skin in a second degree burn

A

iv A serous

55
Q

An inflammation which causes the loss of the epithelial lining in a mucosal or cutaneous membrane

A

v D ulcerative

56
Q

This inflammation is characterized by a transudate containing lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells; long-lasting, this inflammation is often accompanied by increased fibroblast activity and the consequent gradual loss to fibrosis of parenchymal cells

A

vi E chronic

57
Q

A family of about 20 plasma proteins which, once activated, reinforce the inflammatory response in many ways, including increasing phagocytosis, histamine release from mast cells, chemotaxis of inflammatory cells, and downright destruction of nearby cells (hopefully would-be pathogens).

A

53i C complement/complement derived products

58
Q

The chemical mediators whose synthesis is inhibited by steroid drugs such as prednisone

A

ii A arachidonic acid derivatives

59
Q

Released by platelets, mast cells and basophils, this substance— only active for an hour or so— causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

A

iii D histamine

60
Q

A slower acting mediator of inflammation which is derived from a plasma protein and is a potent vasodilator; it also hypersensitizes pain neurons

A

iv B bradykinin

61
Q

A family of compounds derived from membrane phospholipids which have many effects, including increasing vascular permeability, promoting chemotaxis of inflammatory cells, and causing fever

A

v A Arachidonic acid derivatives

62
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction that does not involve antibodies

A

Type IV hypersensitivity

63
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction that involves IgE antibodies and mast cells

A

A Type I hypersensitivity

64
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction seen in a certain hyperthyroidism where antibodies bind to and stimulate the TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) receptor

A

Type II hypersensitivity

65
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction that may result in a granuloma

A

Type IV hypersensitivity

66
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction involved in contact dermatitis; skin becomes infiltrated with leukocytes causing inflammation and possibly vesicle formation

A

Type IV hypersensitivity

67
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction involved in poison oak, where skin becomes infiltrated with lymphocytes (T cells) and macrophages, which do not cause a granuloma but do cause a rash in the overyling skin

A

Type IV hypersensitivity

68
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction involving massive and dangerous histamine degranulation, which in turn causes a widespread, life-threatening drop in blood pressure (anaphylactic shock)

A

Type I hypersensitivity

69
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction involving the immune system

A

Applies to all types I-IV

70
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction where immune complexes are formed in, or deposited on, the walls of small- and medium-sized vessels, resulting in vessel damaged and ultimately vessel occlusion

A

Type III hypersensitivity

71
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction where antibodies to a wide array of self antigens form immune complexes that are formed in or deposited on basement membranes around the body, causing widespread dysfunction

A

Type III hypersensitivity

72
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction where antibodies bind to surface antigens on red blood cells (RBCs), which allows killer cells (e.g., cytotoxic T cells) to recognize the coated RBCs and lyse them

A

Type II hypersensitivity

73
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction involved in hay fever

A

Type I hypersensitivity

74
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction involved in most allergies

A

Type I hypersensitivity

75
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction where streptococcal antigens “planted” on the glomerular membrane result in binding of antibodies, formation of immune complexes, activation of complement, and ultimately glomerular inflammation and kidney dysfunction

A

Type III hypersensitivity

76
Q

List three benefits to the body of inflammation.

A

(i) Hyperemia brings in resources for healing and inflammatory cells to fight infection., (ii) Fever and local heat hinder bacterial growth., (iii) Pain makes individual aware of tissue damage, (iv) Pain and swelling discourage use of the area, hindering further damage and encouraging rapid healing. Other answers are possible

Patho (6 decks)

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