Cell pathology case studies Flashcards
What are complications ofHelicobacter pylori?
- Haemorrhage
- Perforation
- Obstruction
- Cancer
What does H.pylori cause?
Inflammation ○ Chronic (ulcers) ○ Acute Cell damage ○ Atrophy ○ Metaplasia ○ Dysplasia Neoplasia ○ Carcinoma ○ Lymphoma
What is the definition of an ulcer?
- Open sore on external/internal surface of body
- Caused by break in skin or mucous membrane which fails to heal
What are the general causes of gastirits?
- Oxygen
- Chemical agents!!
- Infectious agents!!
- Immunological reactions!!
- Genetic defects
- Nutritional imbalances
- Physical agents
- Aging
What stain is used to see helicobacter?
Giemsa stain
What are the key cells in acute inflammation?
- neutrophil
What are the key cells in chronic inflammation?
- Lymphocyte
What is intestinal Metaplasia and Atrophy?
- Intestinal metaplasia and atrophy is a response to long term damage
- This is the next stage in the evolution of helicobacter
- We know it is gastric metaplasia because - NEVER NORMALLY FIND GOBLET CELLS IN THE STOMACH
What is the histology of metaplasia and atrophy?
- There is atrophy - decreased individual cell size and decreased organ size
- Gastric mucosa becomes thin and the functional cells shrink
What are the causes of Intestinal Metaplasia and Atrophy?
- Infection- helicobacter
- Chemical- reflux of bile acid from duodenum into the stomach
- Autoimmune Gastritis
While cells are stillabove the basement membranethey cannot spread and so treatment is curative
What type of tumour are most stomach cancers?
- Adenocarcinoma
- Lymphoma
What are the causes of granulomatous inflammation?
- Infection ○ TB, fungi, helicobacter ○ Foreign material ○ Reaction to tumours ○ Immune disease (sarcoid, crohns)
What is the difference between chronic and acute ulcers?
- Chronic have fibrosis associated with it
- Chronic heal by repair
What are the cellular adaptation in association with h.pylori?
- Atrophy
- Metaplasia
- Dysplasia
What is the definition of metaplasia?
Reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another
What are the consequences of atherosclerosis?
- Occludes arteries slowly
- Angina
- Myocardial scarring
- Dementia
- Claudication
What are the secondary conditions it could lead to?
- Plaque rupture –> thrombosis + embolism
- Haemorrhages into plaques (MI, stroke, gangrene of the bowel)
Where are atheroma commonly seen?
- Coronary arteries
- Carotid arteries
- Aorta and/or iliac
What causes weak artery walls?
- Due to loss of smooth muscle
What are the complications of weakened artery walls?
- Aneurysms
- Thick atheromatous plaque in the intima reduces the diffusion of nutrients from inside the wall
- Nutrition of the wall is depressed and you get atrophy of the muscle fibres
- Muscle fibres are replaced by fibrous tissue(myocardial thrombosis)
