cell pathology case reviews Flashcards
causes of gastritis
oxygen deprivation chemical agents - drugs infectious agents - helicobacter immunological reactions - autoimmune genetic defects nutritional imbalances physical agents ageing
clinical outcomes of helicobacter pyiori
> 80% asymptomatic/chromic gastritis
15-20% chronic atrophic gastritis/intestinal metaplasia - inf of stomach
AND gastric/duodenal ulcer
<1% gastric cancer/MALT lymphoma (mucosal associated lymphoid tissue)
The effects of helicobacter infection on the stomach
Inflammation: acute, chronic (including ulcers) Cell damage: atrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia Neoplasia: carcinoma, lymphoma
What is seen on an endoscopy of acute gastritis
redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function
The key inflammatory cell of acute inflammation
neutrophil polypmorph
histology of acute gastritis
crypt infiltrated by neutrophils
describe an acute peptic ulcer
penetrate into pericavity
acid and pepsin reach pericardium
definition of ulcer
break in continuity of mucous membrane and covering epithelium
official definition of ulcer
“An open sore on an external or internal surface of the body, caused by a break in the skin or mucous membrane which fails to heal.
Ulcers range from small, painful sores in the mouth to bedsores and serious lesions of the stomach or intestine.”
chronic gastritis endoscopy
loss of rugal pattern
atrophy
chronic gastritis histology
lymphoid follicles - increased lymphocytes in stomach and germinal centre - increased risk of lymphoma
granulomatous gastritis histology
subset of chronic inf
granulolmas - activated macrophages - pale cells
Type 4 hypersensitivity response.
description of granulomatous inflammation
Particular form of chronic inflammation showing granuloma formation
Cluster of macrophages
Involves specific immune reaction T cells - activates T cells
Causes of granulomatous inflammation
Infection – TB, fungi, helicobacter
Foreign material
Reaction to tumours
Immune diseases (sarcoid, Crohn’s)
chronic gastric ulcer fibrosis
scarring associated which is not in acute
Wound (Ulcer) Healing
Parenchymal cell regeneration and RESOLUTION
= acute gastric ulcer
REPAIR by connective tissue and SCAR TISSUE FORMATION
= chronic gastric ulcer
Cellular adaptations seen in association with helicobacter gastritis
hyperplasia hypertrophy atrophy metaplasia and dysplasia.
intestinal metaplasia in helicobacter gastritis
goblet cells
gastric mucosa - intestinal mucosa
Dysplasia in helicobacter gastritis
nuclei bigger
Benign tumours from glandular epithelium
adenomas
Malignant tumours from glandular epithelium
adenocarcinomas
cancers from lymphocytes
lymphomas
Gastric (adeno)carcinoma
form glands
which contain mucin
gastric lymphoma
lymphocytes which are destroying crypts
fate of early atheroma
Asymptomatic stable plaque - common
Symptomatic stable plaque causing inducible ischaemia.
- gets bigger
Unstable plaque with risk of rupture and acute ischaemic events. - break off
what is myocardial fibrosis
chronic cardiac failure
describe MI
Acute cardiac failure
Sudden death
what is an aneurism
An abnormal blood-filled bulge of a blood vessel and especially an artery resulting from weakening of the vessel wall.
fate of coronary artery aneurism
rupture - bust
thrombosis - poor blood flow
blood flow not linear
