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MED101 BIOLOGY > Cell parts > Flashcards

Cell parts Flashcards

1
Q

How do light microscopes function?

A

Visible light passes through a specimen

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2
Q

How do electron microscopes function?

A

Focuses a beam of electrons through a specimen (TEM) or onto its surface (SEM)

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3
Q

What is the only method of light microscope that produces a 3D image?

A

Confocal

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4
Q

Describe the bright field technique for light microscopes for unstained specimen

A

Passes light directly through the specimen

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5
Q

Describe the bright field technique for light microscopes for stained specimen

A

Staining with various dyes enhances contrast
Requires cells to be preserved.

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6
Q

Describe phase-contrast technique used for in light microscopes

A

Enhances contrast in unstained cells by amplifying variations in density.
Useful for examining living unpigmented cells - dividing cells

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7
Q

Describe Differential-interference-contrast technique used for in light microscopes

A

It uses optical modifications to exaggerate differences in density, making the image appear almost 3D

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8
Q

Describe the fluorescence technique used in light microscopes

A

Shows the locations of specific molecules in the cell by tagging the molecules with fluorescent dyes or antibodies. These fluorescent substances absorb UV and emit visible light.

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of electron microscopes?

A

SEM
TEM

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10
Q

What are TEMs?

A

Transmission electron microscopes
Focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen
Used to study mainly the internal structure of cells

2D image

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11
Q

What are SEMs?

A

Scanning electron microscopes
Focuses a beam of electrons onto the surface of the specimen
Used to study the surface of the specimen

3D image

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12
Q

What 2 factors does cell fractionation depend on ?

A

Size and Density

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13
Q

What is differential centrifugation dependent on?

A

Size ONLY

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14
Q

What is density-gradient centrifugation dependent on ?

A

Size and shape both

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of cells that make up every organism?

A

Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

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16
Q

Give 2 examples of unicellular prokaryotic organisms

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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17
Q

Give 2 examples of multicellular eukaryotic organisms

A

Plants
Animals

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18
Q

Where do prokaryotic cells have their DNA located?

A

Nucleoid

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19
Q

Are eukaryotic cells or prokaryotic cells bigger?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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20
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

Intracellular fluid component of cytoplasm which contains ribosomes and proteasome

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21
Q

What does chromatin condense to form?

A

Chromosomes

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22
Q

Where is DNA replicated?

A

In the nucleus

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23
Q

Where is DNA transcribed?

A

Nucleus

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24
Q

What is DNA transcribed to?

A

mRNA

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25
Q

Where does translation take place?

26
Q

Where is rRNA synthesised?

A

Nucleolus - denser area in the nucleus

27
Q

What happens after rRNA assembled with proteins?

A

Forms ribosomes

28
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

29
Q

What are the 2 types of ribosomes ?

A

Free
Bound

30
Q

Where are free ribosomes found?

31
Q

Where are bound ribosomes found?

A

Bound to the RERE

32
Q

What is the function of free ribosomes?

A

Synthesize cytosolic proteins

33
Q

What is the function of bound ribosomes?

A

Synthesize secreted or membrane-bound proteins

34
Q

What is the function of the SER?

A

Synthesizes lipids

35
Q

What are some functions of the RER?

A

Protein synthesis
Post-transcriptional modification
Protein targeting

36
Q

What are some post-transcriptional modifications that can occur in the RER?

A

Polypeptide cleavage
Protein folding
Subunit assembly
Some chemical modifications

37
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus ?

A

Modification of proteins and other macromolecules

Macromolecule sorting and targeting - sorts and packages biomolecules into transport vesicles

Manufacture of certain macromolecules

38
Q

What do lysosomes contain?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes

39
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Intracellular digestion carried out by lysosomes

40
Q

What is autophagy?

A

Destruction of damaged organelles

41
Q

What DNA does mitochondria contain?

A

mtDNA
Circular double stranded

42
Q

What are some of the function of peroxisomes?

A

Produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water using their enzymes

Detoxification

Fatty acid breakdown

43
Q

What are proteasomes?

A

Giant protein complexes that bind to protein molecules and degrade them

44
Q

How do proteasome carry out their function?

A

Short-lived cytosolic proteins and non-functional proteins are attached to ubiquitin and targeted to the proteasome for degradation

45
Q

What are the 3 types of filaments the cytoskeleton is made out of?

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

46
Q

What are microfilaments made out of?

A

Actin filaments

47
Q

What are intermediate filaments made out of?

A

Composed by different types of proteins eg keratin

48
Q

What are microtubules made out of?

A

Tubulin filaments

49
Q

What is the cytoskeleton function?

A

Mechanical support to the cell
Maintains the cell shape
Anchors organelles
Cell movement

50
Q

What is the continuous polymerisation/depolymerisation of the microtubule controlled by?

A

GTP Hydrolysis

51
Q

What occurs during GTP hydrolysis?

A

GTP attached to the beta-tubulin hydrolysed to GDP during tubular polymerisation

GTP attached to alpha-tubulin does not hydrolyse during tubulin polymerisation - has a structural role

52
Q

What is the name of the drugs that affect microtubule stability/ formation?

A

Anti-mitotic drugs

53
Q

Give 2 examples of anti-mitotic drugs

A

Colchicine
Taxol

54
Q

What does colchicine do?

A

Binds to tubular monomers and inhibits microtubule polymersisation

55
Q

What does taxol do?

A

Binds to tubular monomers and stabilises microtubules by inhibiting their depolymerisation during mitotic anaphase

56
Q

Give 4 examples of MTOC (Microtubule organising centres)

A

Centrosome
Basal body
Polar body
Chromosomal kinetochores of the mitotic spindle

57
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

Consists of a centriole pair, located near the nucleus
Found in animal cells only

58
Q

What is the structure of centrioles?

A

Each consists of 9 triplets of microtubules

59
Q

What is the pericentriolar material?

A

Space around the centrosome

60
Q

What is the function of the pericentriolar material?

A

Microtubule nucleation - initiation of polymerisation

MED101 BIOLOGY (6 decks)

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