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Cell Organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 main nutrients food contain?

A

> Carbohydrates
Protein
Starch

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2
Q

Explain how food is broken in the mouth?

A

> Enzymes in the saliva begin to digest the starch into smaller sugar molecules.

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3
Q

How is food broken down in the stomach?

A

> Enzymes begin the digestion of proteins, which contain HCL helping digest.
The churning action, turns the food into fluid, increasing the surface area for enzymes to digest.

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4
Q

What does the pancreas do to help digestion?

A

> Releases enzymes, which continue the digestion of starch and protein also starts lipids.

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5
Q

What does the Liver do to help digestion?

A

> Liver releases bile, which helps to speed up digestion of lipids.
Bile also neutralises the acid releases from the stomach.

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6
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

> Small food molecules produced are absorbed into the bloodstream.

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7
Q

What does the Large intestine do?

A

> Water is absorbed into the bloodstream and faeces are released.

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8
Q

What are enzymes?

A

> They are biological catalysts made up of large protein molecules.

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9
Q

Explain Lock and Key theory?

A

> Enzymes have a groove on their surface called-active site.
Substrates fit perfectly into the active site.
Enzymes are specific, if the active site is different shaped than the substrate will change to fit the active site.

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10
Q

What are Proteins?

A

> Long chains of Amino acids

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11
Q

What do Carbohydrates Produce?

A

> Carbohydrates-Produce simple sugars broken down by carbohydrases.

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12
Q

What do lipids produce?

A

> Produces glycerol and Fatty acids

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13
Q

How does Bile help?

A

> Found in liver, stored in gall bladder.
Emulsifies fats and lipids.
Alkaline, so neutralises stomach acid.
Helps increase rate of lipid digestion

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14
Q

How does temperature effect enzymes? (4)

A

> As temperature increases, enzymes and substrate are moving faster so more collisions.
At a certain temperature, enzyme is at its optimum temperature.
If you increase past optimum-Enzyme activity=0
At high temps, the enzyme molecule vibrates and the shape of the active site change so it gets denatured.

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15
Q

How do you test for starch?

A

> Place 2cm of food solution.
Add few drops of iodine
Colour change if starch is present
Brwony-orange to blue-black

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16
Q

How do you test for Sugar?

A

> Place 2cm of food solution
Add drops of Benedict’s solution
Brick red=lot of sugar

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17
Q

How do you test for Protein?

A

> Place 2cm of food solution
Add drops of Biuret’s solution
Turns Purple/lilac Colour.

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18
Q

How do you test for lipids?

A

> Add drops of distilled water and ethanol
White cloudy emulsion if lipids present.

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19
Q

Adaptations of Small intestine? (6)

A

> Very long=Large surface area for absorption
Covered with millions of villi, microvilli increase surface area.
Good blood supply=bloodstream rapidly removes products
This increases concentration gradient
Thin membrane=Short diffusion path.

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20
Q

What does the Vena Cava do?

A

> Pumps deoxygenated blood from the body

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21
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

> Pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

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22
Q

Describe the route of blood in the heart?

A

> First enters from the atrium
The atria then contract and the blood is forced into the ventricles.
The ventricles contract and force blood out of the heart.
The left side of the heart has a thicker wall, because it pumps blood to the whole body.

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23
Q

What is a pacemaker?

A

> Controls heart rate.

24
Q

What are the arteries?

A

> They carry blood from the heart to organs

25
Q

What do the arteries have?

A

> Very thick walls muscular walls to withstand very high pressure of the blood.

26
Q

What do the capillaries have?

A

> Very thin walls, so diffusion path is very short, this allows substance to diffuse rapidly between the blood and body cells.

27
Q

What do veins have?

A

> They have a thin wall, blood pressure is low so the wall does need to be thick
They also have valves

28
Q

What does the plasma do?

A

> It transports soluble digestions products.

29
Q

Function of a red blood cell?

A

> Transport oxygen from the lungs to body cells.

30
Q

Adaptations of red blood cells?

A

> No nucleus=have more room for haemoglobin.
Biconcave shape, gives greater surface area so more oxygen diffuses in and out rapidly.

31
Q

What do platelets do?

A

> Help the blood to clot.

32
Q

How is CHD caused?

A

> In coronary arteries, layers of fatty acid materials build up inside the arteries.
This causes the coronary arteries to narrow:
Reduces blood flow
Lack of oxygen for muscle

33
Q

What can CHD cause?

A

> Heart attacks

34
Q

Advantages of Statins?

A

> Affective treatment
decrease blood cholesterol
* slow down build-up of fatty materials in arteries
* maintain blood flow to heart muscle cells
* low cost (compared to stent operation)

35
Q

Disadvantages of Statins?

A

> Might be side effects of drug eg muscle pain
* effects take time to happen
* drug will need to be taken long term
* might forget to take drug

36
Q

What is a stent?

A

A stent is a tube, which is inserted into a coronary artery

37
Q

Advantages of stent?

A

> Blocked artery is held open
* blood flow to heart muscle cells is increased
* stent will remain in place for a long time
* effect of stent is immediate
* rapid recovery from operation

38
Q

Disadvantages of a stent?

A
  • risk of infection from operation
  • risk of surgery eg heart attack or bleeding
  • risk of thrombosis or blood clot
39
Q

Describe the process of gas Exchange? (4)

A

> Air passes through the lungs in a tube called trachea.
Trachea splits into smaller tubes called bronchi, then divided into bronchioles.
Bronchioles end in tiny air sacs called alveoli.
Alveoli are where gases diffuse in and out of the bloodstream.

40
Q

Adaptation of Alveoli?

A

> Millions of alveoli=Larger surface area
Very thin wall=short diffusion paths
Very good blood supply.

41
Q

How is cancer caused?

A

> Sometimes changes takes place in genes to uncontrolled growth and mitosis,producing a tumour.

42
Q

What is beningn tumour?

A

> Growth of abnormal cells which are found in one area, they don’t invade and only stay in one place.

43
Q

What is Malignant tumour?

A

> Cells invade neighbouring tissues and move into the bloodstream once in the bloodstream, the cells spread and form new tumours.

44
Q

Risk factors of Cancer?

A

> Some cancers are genetic
Lifestyle e.g. smoking and UV-Light
Radon-radioactive gas.

45
Q

Symptoms of lung cancer?

A

> Persistent cough, frequent chest infections, coughing up blood, breathlessness
.Mostly linked with smoking.

46
Q

Causes Impacts of CHD?

A

> Diet:high in fat and low in vegetation increases level of cholesterol
Increases rate if fatty materials building up
High in salt=increase in risk

47
Q

What does the epidermal cell do?

A

> Protects the surface of the leaf

48
Q

What are the adaptations of an epidermis?

A

> Transparent so light can pass through for photosynthetic cells.

49
Q

What does Waxy cuticle do?

A

> Reduces evaporation of water

50
Q

What does stomata do?

A

.Allows CO2 to enter and oxygen to leave.

51
Q

What is the palisade mesophyll?

A

> Most cells are packed with chloroplast in it and the site of most photosynthesis.

52
Q

What is the spongy mesophyll?

A

> Photosynthesis also occurs,large air spaces for gas exchange,

53
Q

Meristem?

A

> Found at the tips of roots where cell differentiation occurs.

54
Q

What do xylem tissues do?

A

> Transport water and dissolved mineral ions from the root to leaves.

55
Q

What is transpiration

A

> Water enters the roots through root hair cells, water is constantly evaporating from the surface of leaves.

56
Q

How are rate of transpiration higher?

A

> Higher Temperature
Dry condition
Windy Co
Light intensity increases

57
Q

Stomata and Guard cells?

A

> Light intensity is high=guard cells swell and change shape
Causes stomata to open ,now CO2 can diffuse in

> Under hot conditions plants closes its stomach to reduce water loss.

Biology (8 decks)

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