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Biology > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do Eukaryotic Cells Have?

A

> Cell Membrane,
Cytoplasm and DNA-enclosed in a nucleus

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2
Q

What do Prokaryotic Cells Have?

A

> They are smaller than Eukaryotic
DNA not enclosed, so in a single loop.
May be Plasmids

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3
Q

What is the function of a Nucleus

A

> Contains Genetic Material
Controls activity in cells

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4
Q

What is the function of a Cytoplasm

A

> Most chemical processes occur here by enzymes

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5
Q

What is the function of a Mitochondria

A

Most energy is released by respiration

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6
Q

What is the function of a Ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis occurs here

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7
Q

What 3 are only in Plant

A

> Chloroplast
Cell wall
Permanent Vacuole

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8
Q

What is the function of a Cell membrane

A

> Controls movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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9
Q

What is the function of a Vacuole

A

> Full of cell sap to keep cell turgid

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10
Q

What is the function of a Cell wall

A

> Made of cellulose so strengthens and supports the cell

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11
Q

What is the function of a Chloroplast

A

> Has chlorophyll, absorbs light for photosynthesis.

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12
Q

What is the function of a Sperm Cell

A

> Fertilise the Egg

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13
Q

What does a sperm cell have?

A

> Long tail-To swim to the egg
Acrosome with enzymes-to break into the egg cell
Lots of mitochondria to release energy for movement

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14
Q

What does a Nerve cell have?

A

> Very long-to carry singles in long distances.
Branched connections-to connect with other nerves
Insulated Sheath-Enhance transmission of signals

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15
Q

What does a Muscle cell have?

A

> Long-enough space to contract
Lots of mitochondria-release energy for movement

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16
Q

What is the function of a root hair cell?

A

> Function is to absorb water and minerals from soil.

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17
Q

What does a Root hair cell have?

A

> Hair like projection to increase surface area

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18
Q

What is the function of a Xylem

A

> To carry water and minerals into plants

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19
Q

What does a phloem have?

A

> Forms phloem tubes made of living tissue
Glucose in solution moves from the leaves to growth and storage tissues in a process called translocation

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20
Q

What is the function of a Phloem cell?

A

> To carry glucose around the plant

21
Q

What is Cell Differentiation?

A

> Occurs as organisms develops the cell changes and becomes specialised.

22
Q

What happens during cell differentiation

A

> As cell differentiates, it forms different sub cellular structures
Most animals cells differentiate in the early stage of development
Plant cells can differentiate throughout their life cycle

23
Q

What is the advantage of an Electron Microscope?

A

> Higher Magnification
Higher Resolution

24
Q

What is the difference between Light and electron Microscope?

A

Light: Can let us see cell structures.
Electron: Let us see internal structures of a chloroplast and mitochondrion.

25
Q

What is the formula to workout Magnification?

A

Size of image/Real size of image

26
Q

Explain the steps for Light microscope plant cell Practical? (6)

A

> Place a sample of onion cells on to a slide.
Place a drop of 0.01M Iodine Solution onto the cells.
Place a cover slip on the cells and use tissue paper to remove any excess iodine solution from the edges.
Place the slide onto the stage of the microscope and focus the image.
Note the magnification of the eyepiece lens and the objective lens.
Sketch a cell including a magnification scale to indicate how much larger you drawing is than the actual cell.

27
Q

Explain the steps for Light microscope animal cell practical? (6)

A

> Place a sample of animal cells on to a slide.
Place a drop of Methylene Blue onto the cells.
Place a cover slip on the cells and use tissue paper to remove any excess Methylene Blue from the edges.
Place the slide onto the stage of the microscope and focus the image.
Note the magnification of the eyepiece lens and the objective lens.
Sketch a cell including a magnification scale to indicate how much larger you drawing is than the actual cell.

28
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

Coiled strands of DNA Molecules

29
Q

Explain the steps in Mitosis (4)

A

Stage
1 – Growth: Before a cell can divide it needs to grow and increase the
number of sub‐cellular structures such as ribosomes and mitochondria.

Stage 2 ‐ DNA synthesis: The DNA replicates to form two copies of each
chromosome.

Stage 3 – Mitosis: One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides. Then the cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to form two cells that are identical to the parent cell.

30
Q

When does Mitosis occur?

A

> During growth and repair to replace damaged cells.

31
Q

What are Stem Cells?

A

> They are undifferentiated cells within an organism , which can produce other stem cells that can the undifferentiated into many different type of cells.

32
Q

Use of Human Embryo stem cell?

A

> Can be cloned and made to differentiate into most different types of human cells

33
Q

Use of human adult stem cells?

A

> Can form many types of cells including blood cells

34
Q

Advantages of Stem Cells?

A

> Embryos aren’t rejected by the patient

35
Q

Disadvantages of Stem Cells?

A

They might transfer viral infections

36
Q

What are meristems?

A

> Undifferentiated stem cells in plants that are grouped together.

37
Q

Use of Meristems?

A

> Can be used to produce clones of plants quickly.

38
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

The spreading of particles of a gas/substance in a solution resulting in a net movement of particles from a region of high to low concentration.

39
Q

Name 2 Factors Affecting Diffusion?

A

> Concentration gradient
Temperature

40
Q

What are adaptations of a small intestine?

A

> Internal surface covered by Villi
Villi increases Surface area
Villi has good blood supply to maintain concentration gradient

41
Q

What are adaptations of the lung?

A

> Have tiny air sacs called alveoli
Alveoli increase Surface area
Good blood supply

42
Q

What are adaptations of gills?

A

> Each gill is made of thin plates called filaments,water with low oxygen.
Gill filament increase S.A
Have Lamella which increase S.A

43
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

> The diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.

44
Q

What factors affect Osmosis?

A

> Concentration Gradient
Temperature

45
Q

What is Hypertonic

A

More concentrated solution than in cells

46
Q

What is Isotonic

A

Same concentration as the solution in the cell

47
Q

What is Hypotonic?

A

More dilute than the solution in the cells

48
Q

What is Active transport?

A

Moves substance from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution against a concentration gradient.
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Biology (8 decks)

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