Cell & Molecular

Question 1

The products of light reaction of photosynthesis?

Answer 1

ATP, O2, and NADPH

Question 2

Two pigments used in photosynthesis?

Answer 2

Chlorophylls and carotenoids

Question 3

To disrupt disulfide bond.? Break bonds investigation?

Answer 3

Reducing conditions. You are adding electrons to break the bond.

Question 4

Restriction endonuclease?

Answer 4

“Biochemcial scissor”

Have the ability to cut DNA only at a particular sequence of nucleotides. To help defend against an invader such as virus.

Question 5

What is endosporulation?

Answer 5

A bacteria can start a process, whereby an endospore is produced. Endospores are resistant to extremes. (certain positive gram)

Question 6

Neutrophils?

Answer 6

Make up to about 60% of WBC.

Question 7

What can cause a biochemical cascade?

Answer 7

Is a series of amplifying steps. ex) epinephrine can bind to a receptor and cause a cascade, which ultimately leads to glycogen breakdown. Nerve growth factors are proteins that also regulate cell behavior by binding with receptors.

Question 8

What is Catabolism?

Answer 8

It refers to the breakdown of nutrients to provide energy. Anabolism is the synthesis of biomolecules from simpler compounds.

Question 9

ATP-> cyclic AMP, this enzyme is activated by?

Answer 9

Epinephrine

Question 10

To study nucleic acid metabolism which radioisotope is necessary?

Answer 10

32-P! very valuable tool for pathways

Question 11

A series of mitotic cell divisions that follow fertilization is called:

Answer 11

Cleavage. The embryo does not increase in overall size during cleavage. Cells undergo S and M phases of mitosis, but many times skip G phases.

Question 12

ABO blood group classification?

Answer 12

Multiple Alleles, if more than two forms of alleles exist for a gene locus. This has four different possibility.

Question 13

Trisomy Nondisjunction?

Answer 13

Extra Chromosome. Edward(18), Down(21), Klinefelter (sex chromo)

Question 14

Turner Syndrom?

Answer 14

Is a monosomy having only XO.

Question 15

A karyotype is visualize best at which stage?

Answer 15

Metaphase: this is when they are most condensed. Karyotyping allows very accurate diagnosis for congenital (genetic) such as, Down Syndrome.

Question 16

What does stomata do?

Answer 16

Control gas exchange by opening and closing

Question 17

inner membrane fluid in chloroplast?

Answer 17

Stroma

Question 18

Meristem?

Answer 18

Is where growth is taken place, representing undifferentiated cell types. Apical contains cells that produce branches and flowers

Question 19

The role of a kinase?

Answer 19

Glucose -> G6P , hexokinases transfer phosphoryl groups.

Question 20

Description of Hemoglobin

Answer 20

Contains more than one binding site. It is allosteric, coopertivity, can bind to O2, CO2, CO and H+. The non-protein portion (prosthetic group) is called heme

Question 21

Glucogenesis?

Answer 21

Is not the reverse of glycolysis, non-carbohydrates such as fats and AAs are made into glucose. Occurs in cytosol.

Question 22

Centrioles are found only in..

Answer 22

Animal cells for the role of cellular division not in plants!

Question 23

Sister chromatid separation in which stage?

Answer 23

In Anaphase. Cytokinesis occur in late Ana or early Telo.

Question 24

During Prophase?

Answer 24

Chromatids shorten and thicken, nucleoi disappears, spindle fibers form, and centrioles move to opp sides. Nucleolus reappears in Telo.

Question 25

How do you remove Integral proteins?

Answer 25

Detergents, organic solvents and ultrasonic vibrations.

Question 26

Teichoic acids are used for

Answer 26

Recognition and binding site by bacterial viruses that causes infection.

Question 27

Virus may use Reverse Transcriptase Enzyme to produce…

Answer 27

Seen in retroviruses in which RNA is the genetic material, to generate complementary DNA.

Question 28

Klinefelter Syndrome?

Answer 28

44 autosomes + XXY (male)

Question 29

Turner Syndrome

Answer 29

Sterile Female lacking X chromosome

Question 30

Down syndrome

Answer 30

47 Chromosomes (regular 46)

Question 31

Hemophilia

Answer 31

sex-linked disorder

Question 32

Role of an Enzyme?

Answer 32

Same thing as catalyst, which will lower the energy of activation, do not alter H, G or K. Feedback inhibition is used to regulate a metabolic pathway.

Question 33

Euk and Prok initiation step of protein synthesis

Answer 33

AUG and F-Met-t-RNA and Methionine

Question 34

High Energy compound?

Answer 34

Phospohenolpyruvate, Acetyl CoA and ATP