Cell & Molecular Flashcards
The products of light reaction of photosynthesis?
ATP, O2, and NADPH
Two pigments used in photosynthesis?
Chlorophylls and carotenoids
To disrupt disulfide bond.? Break bonds investigation?
Reducing conditions. You are adding electrons to break the bond.
Restriction endonuclease?
“Biochemcial scissor”
Have the ability to cut DNA only at a particular sequence of nucleotides. To help defend against an invader such as virus.
What is endosporulation?
A bacteria can start a process, whereby an endospore is produced. Endospores are resistant to extremes. (certain positive gram)
Neutrophils?
Make up to about 60% of WBC.
What can cause a biochemical cascade?
Is a series of amplifying steps. ex) epinephrine can bind to a receptor and cause a cascade, which ultimately leads to glycogen breakdown. Nerve growth factors are proteins that also regulate cell behavior by binding with receptors.
What is Catabolism?
It refers to the breakdown of nutrients to provide energy. Anabolism is the synthesis of biomolecules from simpler compounds.
ATP-> cyclic AMP, this enzyme is activated by?
Epinephrine
To study nucleic acid metabolism which radioisotope is necessary?
32-P! very valuable tool for pathways
A series of mitotic cell divisions that follow fertilization is called:
Cleavage. The embryo does not increase in overall size during cleavage. Cells undergo S and M phases of mitosis, but many times skip G phases.
ABO blood group classification?
Multiple Alleles, if more than two forms of alleles exist for a gene locus. This has four different possibility.
Trisomy Nondisjunction?
Extra Chromosome. Edward(18), Down(21), Klinefelter (sex chromo)
Turner Syndrom?
Is a monosomy having only XO.
A karyotype is visualize best at which stage?
Metaphase: this is when they are most condensed. Karyotyping allows very accurate diagnosis for congenital (genetic) such as, Down Syndrome.
What does stomata do?
Control gas exchange by opening and closing
inner membrane fluid in chloroplast?
Stroma
Meristem?
Is where growth is taken place, representing undifferentiated cell types. Apical contains cells that produce branches and flowers
The role of a kinase?
Glucose -> G6P , hexokinases transfer phosphoryl groups.
Description of Hemoglobin
Contains more than one binding site. It is allosteric, coopertivity, can bind to O2, CO2, CO and H+. The non-protein portion (prosthetic group) is called heme
Glucogenesis?
Is not the reverse of glycolysis, non-carbohydrates such as fats and AAs are made into glucose. Occurs in cytosol.
Centrioles are found only in..
Animal cells for the role of cellular division not in plants!
Sister chromatid separation in which stage?
In Anaphase. Cytokinesis occur in late Ana or early Telo.
During Prophase?
Chromatids shorten and thicken, nucleoi disappears, spindle fibers form, and centrioles move to opp sides. Nucleolus reappears in Telo.
How do you remove Integral proteins?
Detergents, organic solvents and ultrasonic vibrations.
Teichoic acids are used for
Recognition and binding site by bacterial viruses that causes infection.
Virus may use Reverse Transcriptase Enzyme to produce…
Seen in retroviruses in which RNA is the genetic material, to generate complementary DNA.
Klinefelter Syndrome?
44 autosomes + XXY (male)
Turner Syndrome
Sterile Female lacking X chromosome
Down syndrome
47 Chromosomes (regular 46)
Hemophilia
sex-linked disorder
Role of an Enzyme?
Same thing as catalyst, which will lower the energy of activation, do not alter H, G or K. Feedback inhibition is used to regulate a metabolic pathway.
Euk and Prok initiation step of protein synthesis
AUG and F-Met-t-RNA and Methionine
High Energy compound?
Phospohenolpyruvate, Acetyl CoA and ATP
