A&P Flashcards
Esophagus -> Intestine, Which muscle helps digest?
Peristalsis
Which Valve is at the Junction of the small and large intestine?
Ileocecal Valve
Bases of Aorta and pulmonary Artery, has each
Semilunar Valve
What is the Pyloric Valve
Junction b/t stomach and small intestine
Produces Calcitonin as well as Iodine-containing hormones Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine.
Thyroid Gland
What does the Iodine-containing hormones do?
It influences growth, development, and overall metabolic rates
What does Calcitonin do
Lowers blood calcium level
What is a Sarcomere
Actin and Myosin, separated by Z Disk, ultimately repeating unit of myofibril.
Cell Surface Receptor
Steroid hormones such as estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone bind to nuclear receptors not cell surfaces.
Insulin will bind to a cell-surface receptor.
Vessel carries blood away from the liver and toward the heart?
Hepatic Vein
A patient is examined for liver disease and has juandice, a yellow coloring of the skin. What may be the cause of the yellow coloring?
Excess bilirubin.
Liver problems can prevent the normal removal of bile pigments via the digestive tract. If bile pigments such as bilirubin get into circulation, they can cause skin discoloration.
Cellular Abundance.
Platelets, leukocytes, erythrocytes
Erythrocytes(RBC)> leukocytes(WBC)> Platelets(tiny cells that forms blood clots)
Which common source are they developed from?
Pluripotent Stem cell
Erythropoietin?
Is a hormone released primarily from the kidneys and will stimulate RBC formation in the bone marrow.
During an injury, histamine will..
Cause vasodilatation, and will allow WBC to squeeze out of the capillaries.
Myeloma Cell?
myeloma cell is a cancer cell with the ability for indefinite growth.
Lymphocyte + myeloma cell?
Hybridoma cell, produces desired antibody.
In insects, molting and metamorphosis are regulated by ?
Ecdysone
Adrenal gland produces which hormones?
Epinephrine, aldosterone, and cortisol.
One trimester is..important
B/c is the main period in which organs are formed and is most sensitive to drugs and radiation
The lymphatic system does three major things.
- Returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood.2. absorbs fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system and transports them to the venous circulation3. defense against micro-organism. Lymphatic organs such as the spleen contains lymphocytes.
The role of microvilli and villi associated with the small intestine
Increasing the absorption surface
Sarcoma occurs only in connective tissue
“Fleshy growth” cancerous growth in connective tissue. Normal connective tissue include, fat, blood vessels, nerves, bones, muscles, deep skin tissues, and cartilage
Carcinoma occurs in epithelial tissue
Epithelial cancer = carinoma
Abundant in the surface layer of skin to subject mechanical insults?
Desmosomes, allow cells to become joined into strong epithelial sheets.
Stress in bone?
This is called osteoBlasts deposits collagen and release calcium phosphate to strengthen the bone.
Glomerular filtrates?
Blood plasma,glucose, water, urea, and AA, except for large proteins
The first step in urine formation is?
Through the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule
The driving force fro glomerular capillaries?
Blood pressure forces water and solutes out of the glomerular capillaries and into the region inside Bowman’s capsule (lumen)
Hormones can be steroid or nonsterodial derived.
Nonsteroidal hormones are made from AA(H2O soluble), while steroid (lipid soluble) are derived from cholesterol. NE and Epin are hormones that are nonsteroidal.
Space inside a tube is refered as
Lumen
Amylases are secreted by
Pancreas and salivary gland: Breaks down carbs
What’s in the inner ear?
Contains semicircular canals responsible for balance and Cochlea. middle ear contains three bones: incus, malleus and stapes.
What does Aldosterone do?
Created from the Adrenal Cortex involved in Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the kidneys collecting duct, as well as a rise in blood pressure and blood volume.
Posterior Pituitary gland only stores..
ADH(vasopressin) and Oxytocin.
The Adrenal Medulla makes..
Epinephrine and NE.
Which stomach cell produces pepsinogen?
Chief cells!
Parietal cells: secrete HCl
G-Cells: secrete the hormone gastrin
Mucous cells: secrete mucous that lubricates the stomach.
Osteoblast secretes?
Collagen to build bone. Do not carry out mitosis.
Osteoclasts is used when..
If the body needs calcium, bone is broken down. PTH(parathyroid hormone) will stimulate, while Calcitonin decrease Osteoclast activity.
Cardiac and Smooth muscle are __ nucleated.
Single(mono nucleated) ! except skeleton is multi.
Epinephrine will…
Sympathetic ! Constrict blood vessels to decrease blood supply to digestive tract and kidneys, dilate pupils, increase blood flow to brain! Increase the rate of glycogenolysis.
Calcitonin stimulates…__ activity.
Osteoblast, need to build bone! By lowering calcium level.
Osteoclastic activity is stimulated by
Parathyroid hormones, when TOO low Calcium.
What is Thyroxin?
From Thyroid increases the basal metabolic rate. Mrs. Berry needs~
ADH???
Always Dig Hole, increase water permeability. May increase blood pressure because it allows the collecting ducts of kidney to be more permeable to H2O
Spermatozoa maturation happens in..
The coiled tube called Epididymis.
Sperm Expulsion at…
Vas Deferens transports the sperm to the urethra then out the penis.
SEVEN UP: Seminferous, Epididymis, Vas Def, Ejaculation, No, Urethra(pee)
Spermgenosis happens at
Seminiferous
The initiation of the heart beat is largely controlled by:
SA node! (pacemaker)
Which hormone stimulates the release of bile?
Cholecystokinin is a hormone made by cells of the duodenum (small intestine) that stimulates bile release.
What does secretin do?
made by duodenal cells, which stimulates the production of pancreatic juice, especially the bicarbonate.
Gastrin?
Made in the stomach, which stimulates HCl secretion
How about Enterogastrone
Made in duodenum and when fatty food is in intestine, it inhibits stomach gland secretion and slows the stomach’s muscular movement, more time to digest fat.
The chemoreceptors in the walls of major arteries?
Detect changes in H+, O2, CO2. The breathing rate is greatly sensitive to blood CO2 and H+ ion concentrations. A small increase in either H+ or CO2 will cause an increase in breathing rate. A high blood O2 partial pressure would decrease breathing rate.
What does the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP) do?
Generally acts as vasodilator, oppose to Renin. It lowers blood pressure. This is secreted by the heart.
What does the atrioventricular (AV)node do?
It prevents the ventricles and the atria from contracting at the same time.
The function of AV node is to add a brief delay in b/t the atria and ventricle contraction.
What does pulmonary surfactant do?
Surfactant decreases surface tension. This makes alveoli less challenging. Also increases pressure. Only 8months of gestation babies develop surfactant.
What does SNS use in its post ganglionic NT?
Instead of Acetylcholine, it uses NE or epi.(this is from adrenal medulla)
It has short pre, and long post.
