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Cell Metabolism ( Glucose ) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 types of metabolic reaction

A 
Redox 
Ligation ( ATP needed) 
Isomerisation 
Group transfer 
Addition/removal of functional groups 
Hydrolytic
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2
Q

Describe what happens and what enzyme catalyses redox

A

e- transfer , dehyrogenase

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3
Q

Describe what happens in a isomerisation reaction. What enzyme catalyses it

A

rearrangement of molecules , isomerases

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4
Q

Describe what happens in a ligation reaction

A

formation of cov bonds ( C-C)

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5
Q

Describe what happens and what enzyme catalyses Group transfer reactions

A

moving FG from 1 molecule to another

Kinases

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6
Q

Describe what happens in hydrolytic reaction

A

cleaving of molecules by adding H20

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7
Q

Describe what happens in addition/ removal of FG reactions

A

adding FG onto double bond/removing FG forming double bond

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8
Q

Where does glycolysis take place

A

cytosol

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9
Q

what are the 2 stages of glycolysis

A

forming high E molecule ( need ATP)

splitting high E molecule ( forms ATP)

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10
Q

What is step 1 of glycolysis

A

glucose –> G6P hexose kinase ( need ATP) GT

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11
Q

what is step 2 of glycolysis

A

G6P–>F6P phosphoglucose isomerase isomerisation

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12
Q

what is step 3 of glycolysis

A

F6P–>F1,6BisP phosphofructose kinase ( need ATP) GT

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13
Q

what is step 4 of glycolysis

A

F1,6BisP–> GLA3P / DHAP aldolase hydrolysis

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14
Q

what is the final step of stage 1 of glycolysis

A

DHAP–>GLA3P TPI isomerase

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15
Q

why is step 1 important

A

irreversible commits cell, traps glucose inside of cell ( -ve charge)

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16
Q

Why is step 2 important

A

fructose allows even splitting of molecule

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17
Q

why is step 3 important

A

phosphofructokinase controls regulation of sugars into glycolysis

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18
Q

what does GLA3P go into

A

GLA3P–>1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate GLA3P dehyrogenase ( needs Pi) forms NADH redox

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19
Q

What is step 6 of glycolysis

A

1,3Bisphosphoglycerate –> 3-phosphoglycerate phosphoglycerate kinase ( forms ATP) GT

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20
Q

What is step 7 of glycolysis

A

3-Phosphoglycerate –> 2-phosphoglycerate phosphoglucerate mutase isomerisation

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21
Q

What is step 8 of glycolysis

A

2-phosphoglycerate –> phosphoenolpyruvate enolase dehydration

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22
Q

what is the last step of glycolysis

A

phosphoenolpyruvate –> pyruvate pyruvate kinase ( makes ATP) GT

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23
Q

What are the three fates of pyruvate

A

Alcohol fermentation in yeast anaerobic
lactic acid anaerobic
acetyl CoA formation

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24
Q

how is pyruvate turned to ethanol

A

pyruvate –> acetaldhyde pyruvate decarboxylase ( need H+ CO2 formed )
acetaldehyde –> ethanol alcohol dehydrogenase forms NAD+

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25
how is pyruvate turned to lactate
lactate dehydrogenase forms NAD+
26
How is pyruvate turned into actylCoA
add Hs-CoA pyruvate dehydrogenase complex forms NADH
27
what is the function of LDH
regen NAD+ for glycolysis
28
what bond does ActeylCoA contain
thioester
29
what is thiamine
cofactor of PDH deriv. Vit B1
30
What is Beri-Beri caused by
deficiency in thiamine
31
symptoms of beri beri
damage to peripheral NS weak muscle decreased cardiac output effects brain
32
what is creatine phosphate
buffer for atp CP-->creatine + ATP ( Ck)
33
what types of creatine kinase are there
MM( muscle) , BB ( brain) , MB ( myocardium) | separate by electrophoresis based on charge (diff isoelectric pt )
34
what do high levels of CK indicate
cell death
35
How do you measure CK
use coupled assay involving NADH and NAD+ ( diff spectrometry peaks)
36
what other factors indicate heart attack
SGOT , troponin I and T , LDH , ck
37
where does krebs take place
matrix
38
Describe krebs
acetylcoA --> citrate 6c --> 6c isocitrate --> 5c a ketoglutarate (NADH ,CO2) --> 4c succinlycoA (NADH CO2) --> succinate(GTP) -->fumerate (FADH2)--> malatate --> oxaloacetate (NADH)
39
what enzyme is important in kerbs
isocitrate dehydrogenase controls speed of cycle
40
What reaction do AA need to go through before they can enter krebs
transamination
41
what is a transamination reaction
transfer of amino group from AA to ketone acid --> forms new pair of AA and ketone acid
42
whey use transamination reactions
remove amino group ( excreted as urea) | c- chain recycled as pyruvate or TCA
43
when do you metabolise AA
gluconeogensis ( when you're low on glucose)
44
how does alanine enter TCA
alanine + a-ketoglutarate --> pyruvate + glutamate ( alanine aminotransferase ) pyruvate enters TCA glutamate --> a-ketoglutarate ( glutamate dehydrogenase) releases NH4+ ( urea)
45
what are the 2 types of AA
ketogenic : forms keto bodies | glycogenic : forms glucose
46
what 7 points in krebs can AA enter
``` acetylCoA acetoacetylCoA a-ketoglutarate pyruvate fumerate succinylCoA oxaloacetate ```
47
Where does step one of B oxidation take place
out mit matrix
48
what is step 1 of B oxidation
FA --> acyl CoA ( uses 2 ATP)
49
Why does the body burn fat
for energy most E comes from fat burns when fasting ( gluconeogenesis) forms ketone bodies
50
How does acylcoA enter the matrix
``` carnitine shuttle ( Translocase transfers carnitine + acyl carnitine in + out) carnitine --> acyl coA --> coA --> acyl Carnitine ( acyl group attaches onto carninite transported in + recombines with coA to from acyl coA inside matrix) ```
51
what is carnitine deficiency caused by
autosomal recessive mutation of SLC22A5 gene --> no translocase --. can't take up carnitine for B oxidation
52
What are the symptoms of carnitine deficiency
encephalopathies ( cardiomyopathies , muscle weakness , hypoglycaemia
53
what is taken to treat carnitine deficiency
carnitor / levocarnitine
54
what is the 2nd step in the B oxidation cycle
oxidation of acylcoA by acyl coA dehydrogenase forms C=C carbon ( forms FADH2 )
55
what is the 3rd step in the B oxidation cycle
hydration addition of water ( breaks C=C bond forms C-C and adds OH group)
56
what is the 4th step in the B oxidation cycle
oxidation forming NADH --> splitting of molecule
57
what is the 5th step in the B oxidation cycle
addition of Hs-CoA --> forms acetyl coA | forms FA chain shortened by 2c
58
what does one cycle of B oxidation produce
1 NADH 1 FADH2 1 acetylCoA (TCA) ( except 4c FA which form 2 acetylCoA)
59
What are the different acylcoA dehydrogenases
short chain AcoAD <6c medium chain AcoAD c6-c12 long chain 3 hydroxyacylCoAD c13-c21 very long chain AcoAD >c22
60
what disease is associated with AcoAD ?
medium chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency ( MCADD)
61
what causes MCADD
autosomal recessive gene | causes SIDS
62
what can be done to lower the impact of MCADD
Don't go W/O food for longer than 10-12 h adhere to stick carb diet take glucose if vomiting / weight loss
63
When are ketone bodies formed
when rate of fate metabolism > rate of carb metabolism
64
what counts as a ketone body
acetoacetate D-3 hydroxybutyrate acetone
65
mechanism of formation of ketone bodies
2 acetyl coA --> AcetoacetylCoA + coA 3 ketothiolase acetoacetylCoA + h20+caetylcoA --> 3-hydroxy-3methylglutarylcoA + coA ( hydroxymethylglutaryl coA synthase) 3MGCoA --> acetoacetate hydroxymethylglutaryl coA cleavage enzyme acetoacetate --> D3hyroxybutyrate ( forms NAD+) d3hyroxybutyrate dehyrogenase acetoacetate --> acetone
66
How does NADH get into the matrix
malate - aspartate shuttle --> kidney,liver,heart glycerol - phosphate shuttle skeletal muscle + brain transfering e- notNADH
67
Describe the process of the glycerol phosphate shuttle
cytosolic glycerol 3 phosphate transfers e- from dihydroyacetone phosphate G3P passes through mitochondrial G3P transfers e- --> DHAP
68
Desribe the process of the malatate aspartate shuttle
aspartate --> oxaloacetate ( a ketoglutarate --> glutamate) cytosolic Aspartate transanimase oxaloacetate --> malatate ( NADH-->NAD+) cytosolic malatae dehydrogenase malate enters matrix via transporter protein malate --> oxaloacetate ( NAD+-->NADH ) matrix MDH oxaloacetate --> aspartate ( Glutamate --> a ketoglutarate) matrix AT transfering e- not NADH

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