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POM > Cell Metabolism ( Glucose ) > Flashcards

Cell Metabolism ( Glucose ) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 types of metabolic reaction

A 
Redox 
Ligation ( ATP needed) 
Isomerisation 
Group transfer 
Addition/removal of functional groups 
Hydrolytic
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2
Q

Describe what happens and what enzyme catalyses redox

A

e- transfer , dehyrogenase

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3
Q

Describe what happens in a isomerisation reaction. What enzyme catalyses it

A

rearrangement of molecules , isomerases

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4
Q

Describe what happens in a ligation reaction

A

formation of cov bonds ( C-C)

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5
Q

Describe what happens and what enzyme catalyses Group transfer reactions

A

moving FG from 1 molecule to another

Kinases

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6
Q

Describe what happens in hydrolytic reaction

A

cleaving of molecules by adding H20

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7
Q

Describe what happens in addition/ removal of FG reactions

A

adding FG onto double bond/removing FG forming double bond

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8
Q

Where does glycolysis take place

A

cytosol

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9
Q

what are the 2 stages of glycolysis

A

forming high E molecule ( need ATP)

splitting high E molecule ( forms ATP)

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10
Q

What is step 1 of glycolysis

A

glucose –> G6P hexose kinase ( need ATP) GT

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11
Q

what is step 2 of glycolysis

A

G6P–>F6P phosphoglucose isomerase isomerisation

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12
Q

what is step 3 of glycolysis

A

F6P–>F1,6BisP phosphofructose kinase ( need ATP) GT

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13
Q

what is step 4 of glycolysis

A

F1,6BisP–> GLA3P / DHAP aldolase hydrolysis

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14
Q

what is the final step of stage 1 of glycolysis

A

DHAP–>GLA3P TPI isomerase

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15
Q

why is step 1 important

A

irreversible commits cell, traps glucose inside of cell ( -ve charge)

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16
Q

Why is step 2 important

A

fructose allows even splitting of molecule

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17
Q

why is step 3 important

A

phosphofructokinase controls regulation of sugars into glycolysis

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18
Q

what does GLA3P go into

A

GLA3P–>1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate GLA3P dehyrogenase ( needs Pi) forms NADH redox

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19
Q

What is step 6 of glycolysis

A

1,3Bisphosphoglycerate –> 3-phosphoglycerate phosphoglycerate kinase ( forms ATP) GT

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20
Q

What is step 7 of glycolysis

A

3-Phosphoglycerate –> 2-phosphoglycerate phosphoglucerate mutase isomerisation

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21
Q

What is step 8 of glycolysis

A

2-phosphoglycerate –> phosphoenolpyruvate enolase dehydration

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22
Q

what is the last step of glycolysis

A

phosphoenolpyruvate –> pyruvate pyruvate kinase ( makes ATP) GT

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23
Q

What are the three fates of pyruvate

A

Alcohol fermentation in yeast anaerobic
lactic acid anaerobic
acetyl CoA formation

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24
Q

how is pyruvate turned to ethanol

A

pyruvate –> acetaldhyde pyruvate decarboxylase ( need H+ CO2 formed )
acetaldehyde –> ethanol alcohol dehydrogenase forms NAD+

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25
Q

how is pyruvate turned to lactate

A

lactate dehydrogenase forms NAD+

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26
Q

How is pyruvate turned into actylCoA

A

add Hs-CoA pyruvate dehydrogenase complex forms NADH

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27
Q

what is the function of LDH

A

regen NAD+ for glycolysis

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28
Q

what bond does ActeylCoA contain

A

thioester

29
Q

what is thiamine

A

cofactor of PDH deriv. Vit B1

30
Q

What is Beri-Beri caused by

A

deficiency in thiamine

31
Q

symptoms of beri beri

A

damage to peripheral NS
weak muscle
decreased cardiac output
effects brain

32
Q

what is creatine phosphate

A

buffer for atp CP–>creatine + ATP ( Ck)

33
Q

what types of creatine kinase are there

A

MM( muscle) , BB ( brain) , MB ( myocardium)

separate by electrophoresis based on charge (diff isoelectric pt )

34
Q

what do high levels of CK indicate

A

cell death

35
Q

How do you measure CK

A

use coupled assay involving NADH and NAD+ ( diff spectrometry peaks)

36
Q

what other factors indicate heart attack

A

SGOT , troponin I and T , LDH , ck

37
Q

where does krebs take place

A

matrix

38
Q

Describe krebs

A

acetylcoA –> citrate 6c –> 6c isocitrate –> 5c a ketoglutarate (NADH ,CO2) –> 4c succinlycoA (NADH CO2) –> succinate(GTP) –>fumerate (FADH2)–> malatate –> oxaloacetate (NADH)

39
Q

what enzyme is important in kerbs

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase controls speed of cycle

40
Q

What reaction do AA need to go through before they can enter krebs

A

transamination

41
Q

what is a transamination reaction

A

transfer of amino group from AA to ketone acid –> forms new pair of AA and ketone acid

42
Q

whey use transamination reactions

A

remove amino group ( excreted as urea)

c- chain recycled as pyruvate or TCA

43
Q

when do you metabolise AA

A

gluconeogensis ( when you’re low on glucose)

44
Q

how does alanine enter TCA

A

alanine + a-ketoglutarate –> pyruvate + glutamate ( alanine aminotransferase )
pyruvate enters TCA
glutamate –> a-ketoglutarate ( glutamate dehydrogenase) releases NH4+ ( urea)

45
Q

what are the 2 types of AA

A

ketogenic : forms keto bodies

glycogenic : forms glucose

46
Q

what 7 points in krebs can AA enter

A 
acetylCoA 
acetoacetylCoA 
a-ketoglutarate 
pyruvate 
fumerate
succinylCoA 
oxaloacetate
47
Q

Where does step one of B oxidation take place

A

out mit matrix

48
Q

what is step 1 of B oxidation

A

FA –> acyl CoA ( uses 2 ATP)

49
Q

Why does the body burn fat

A

for energy most E comes from fat
burns when fasting ( gluconeogenesis)
forms ketone bodies

50
Q

How does acylcoA enter the matrix

A 
carnitine shuttle ( Translocase transfers carnitine + acyl carnitine in + out) 
carnitine --> acyl coA --> coA --> acyl Carnitine ( acyl group attaches onto carninite transported in + recombines with coA to from acyl coA inside matrix)
51
Q

what is carnitine deficiency caused by

A

autosomal recessive mutation of SLC22A5 gene –> no translocase –. can’t take up carnitine for B oxidation

52
Q

What are the symptoms of carnitine deficiency

A

encephalopathies ( cardiomyopathies , muscle weakness , hypoglycaemia

53
Q

what is taken to treat carnitine deficiency

A

carnitor / levocarnitine

54
Q

what is the 2nd step in the B oxidation cycle

A

oxidation of acylcoA by acyl coA dehydrogenase forms C=C carbon ( forms FADH2 )

55
Q

what is the 3rd step in the B oxidation cycle

A

hydration addition of water ( breaks C=C bond forms C-C and adds OH group)

56
Q

what is the 4th step in the B oxidation cycle

A

oxidation forming NADH –> splitting of molecule

57
Q

what is the 5th step in the B oxidation cycle

A

addition of Hs-CoA –> forms acetyl coA

forms FA chain shortened by 2c

58
Q

what does one cycle of B oxidation produce

A

1 NADH
1 FADH2
1 acetylCoA (TCA) ( except 4c FA which form 2 acetylCoA)

59
Q

What are the different acylcoA dehydrogenases

A

short chain AcoAD <6c
medium chain AcoAD c6-c12
long chain 3 hydroxyacylCoAD c13-c21
very long chain AcoAD >c22

60
Q

what disease is associated with AcoAD ?

A

medium chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency ( MCADD)

61
Q

what causes MCADD

A

autosomal recessive gene

causes SIDS

62
Q

what can be done to lower the impact of MCADD

A

Don’t go W/O food for longer than 10-12 h
adhere to stick carb diet
take glucose if vomiting / weight loss

63
Q

When are ketone bodies formed

A

when rate of fate metabolism > rate of carb metabolism

64
Q

what counts as a ketone body

A

acetoacetate
D-3 hydroxybutyrate
acetone

65
Q

mechanism of formation of ketone bodies

A

2 acetyl coA –> AcetoacetylCoA + coA 3 ketothiolase

acetoacetylCoA + h20+caetylcoA –> 3-hydroxy-3methylglutarylcoA + coA ( hydroxymethylglutaryl coA synthase)

3MGCoA –> acetoacetate hydroxymethylglutaryl coA cleavage enzyme

acetoacetate –> D3hyroxybutyrate ( forms NAD+) d3hyroxybutyrate dehyrogenase

acetoacetate –> acetone

66
Q

How does NADH get into the matrix

A

malate - aspartate shuttle –> kidney,liver,heart
glycerol - phosphate shuttle skeletal muscle + brain
transfering e- notNADH

67
Q

Describe the process of the glycerol phosphate shuttle

A

cytosolic glycerol 3 phosphate transfers e- from dihydroyacetone phosphate
G3P passes through mitochondrial G3P
transfers e- –> DHAP

68
Q

Desribe the process of the malatate aspartate shuttle

A

aspartate –> oxaloacetate ( a ketoglutarate –> glutamate) cytosolic Aspartate transanimase
oxaloacetate –> malatate ( NADH–>NAD+) cytosolic malatae dehydrogenase

malate enters matrix via transporter protein
malate –> oxaloacetate ( NAD+–>NADH ) matrix MDH
oxaloacetate –> aspartate ( Glutamate –> a ketoglutarate)
matrix AT

transfering e- not NADH

POM (4 decks)

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