Cell Metabolism

Question 1

Mitochondria

Answer 1

The bacterial orgin

Site of cellular respiration

Has its own DNA

The inner and outer membranes separate reactions.

Question 2

Glycolysis

Answer 2

It takes place in the cytoplasm

10 step metabolic pathway

End results are 2 (3 carbon molecules called privates

Net 2 ATP produced by substrate level phospherlytion

2 NAD+ reduced to NADH.

Question 3

Pyruvate oxidation

Answer 3

Takes place in mitochondria matrix

Pyruvate is decarboxhlated and oxidized of ACetylCoA a 2 carbon molecule that enters the kerb cycle.

2NAD+ reduced to 2NADH

Question 4

Kerb cycle

Answer 4

Complex cycle that produces 2 ATP through substrate level phosphyrlation

Electrons are passed to NAD+ and FAD that will take them to the electron transport chain

Question 5

Glycolysis

Answer 5

2 ATP IN

4ATP OUT 2NADH

2 ATP total

Question 6

Pyruvate oxidation

Answer 6

2NADH OUT Left with 2FADH2

Question 7

Kerb cycle

Answer 7

6NADH out

2 FADH2 out

2 ATP OUT

Question 8

Electron transport chain

Answer 8

Consists of 4 respiratory complexes

2 electron carriers, coenzyme Q and cytochrome C

NADH and FADH2, transfers electrons to the complexes

Oxygen in the final electron acceptor and is reduced to water

Question 9

Respiratory complexes (ETR)

Answer 9

Large molecular structures composed of numerous proteins, coenzymes and cytochromes that are embedded in the membrane

Question 10

Complexes I, III, IV

Answer 10

Accept electrons through REDOX reaction

Energy is used to pump H+ across the membrane(chemiosmosis)

Electrons transported from complex I To complex III by coenzyme Q

Electrons transported from complex III to Complex IV by cytochrome C , o2 is reduced by h2o.

Question 11

NADH role in ETC

Answer 11

To transport electrons to complex I then from there they move to complex III and IV

Question 12

NADH from Glycolysis

Answer 12

Molecule is too large to cross mitochondrial membrane so glycolysis is required.

Only electrons are transported across through 2 main methods that involve membrane transportation proteins

Question 13

FADH2 role in ETC

Answer 13

FADH 2 transfers electrons to complex II

Electrons follow path II to III to IV

Question 14

Oxidative Phosphorlystion

Answer 14

The electrochemical gradient store free energy

The H+ moved by facilitated diffusion across the membrane they provide energy to power ATP synthase

ATP synthase result in the production of ATP

Question 15

Uncoupling the ECT

Answer 15

Energy released during the ETC is not converted to ATP

uncoupling proteins provide H+ ions an alternate path across inner membrane

Free energy is now used to produce heat which is useful in thermoregulation

Question 16

Overview of photosynthesis

Answer 16

Plants convert energy from sunlight bin to the energy of chemical bonds of carbohydrates.

Photosynthesis provides energy for animals plants and fungi

Photosynthesis consume carbon dioxide and produces oxygen

Question 17

History of photosynthesis

Answer 17

Jan Ben helman Found the mass of the pot of soil and a seeding, he watered the seeding for five years and concluded that the increase of the mass came from the water.

Joseph’s priestly found that the chandler goes out when placed in the jar, however when the candle is placed in the jar with spring mint it does not go out and he concluded that the plant produced oxygen.

Question 18

Leaf structure

Answer 18

The cuticle is a waxy , water resistant layer on the surface of the leaf.

The epidermis is the transparent, colourless cell layer bellow the cuticle

The pale side mesophyll cell are located just below the epidermal tissue

The spongy mesophyll consists of loosely packed cells where gas exchange takes place

Xylem cell conduct water and minerals from roots to leaves

Phlegm cells conduct food from leaves to the rest of the plant

Together the xylem and phlegm make up the vascular bundles

Vascular bundles are a system of tunes and cells that transport water and mini raps from the roots to the leaves and carry carbohydrates from the leaves to the rest of the plant.

Question 19

Overview of light dependent reactions

Answer 19

The light dependent reactions use light energy to make two molecules needed for the next stage of photosynthesis: D energy storage molecules ATP and the reduced electron carrier NADH.

In plants the light reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane organelles called chloroplast

Question 20

Photosystems

Answer 20

They have large complexes of protein and pigments(light absorbing molecules) that are optimized to harvest light, play a key role in the light reactions there are two types of photo systems: photosystem I and photosystem II

Question 21

Photosystems continued

Answer 21

Both Photosystems contain many pigment that help collect light energy as well as special pair of chlorophyll molecules found at the core of the photosystems. The special pair of photosystem I is called p700 and the special a pair of photosystem II is called p680

Question 22

Non cyclic photophosphrlytion

Answer 22

When light is absorbed by one of the pigment in photosystem II, energy is Passed from pigment to pigment until it reaches the reaction centre. There energy is transferred to p680, boosting an electron to high energy level.

The high energy level electron is passed to an acceptor molecule and replaced with electron from water

Question 23

Cellular respiration

Answer 23

C6H12 O6. + 6o2 —> 6co2 +. 6H2o + energy

Question 24

Photosynthesis

Answer 24

6C2O + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 25

Glycolysis steps 1-5 key ideas energy comcemption

Answer 25

Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate a 3c sugar

2 ATP is used in these steps

Kinases a family of enzyme are involved when substandard phophorlytion occurs

Question 26

Glycolysis steps 6-10

Answer 26

Step 6 phosphate added onto molecule G3P and NAD+ reduced

End product: 2 pyruvate molecules

4 ATP are produced by substrate phophyrlation

2 NAD+ are reduced to 2 NADH

Question 27

Respiration pathway

Answer 27

Areboic- when oxygen is available the pyruvate and NADH are used in the kerbs cycle and ETC respectively

Anaerobic- use kerbs cycle and ETC without oxygen being available

Question 28

Fermation

Answer 28

Occurs in aerobic organisms when oxygen is insufficient

It is required so glycolysis can continue

In animals and some bacteria pyruvate is broken down to lacata

In other organisms such as yeast pyruvate may break down into ethanol

The catabolism of pyruvate allows NADH to be oxides.

Question 29

Steps of the Kreb cycle

1st

Answer 29

The acetyl-coa joins with a 4 carbon molecule oxalacetate to form citrate

Question 30

2nd step of Kreb Cycle

Answer 30

The citrate is rearranged into isocitrate.

Question 31

3rd step of Kreb cycle

Answer 31

Isocitrate is converted to a-ketoglutarated by losing a carbon and 2 hydrogen atoms

Question 32

Step 4 of the Kreb cycle

Answer 32

A-ketoglutrate is converted to succinylcholine CoA.

Then a carbon is removed and coenzyme a is added.

And 2 hydrogen atoms are reduced, nad+ to Nadh

Question 33

Step 5 of Kreb cycle

Answer 33

Succinyl CA is converted to succinctness and ATP is formed by substrate level phosphorylation and cornzyme a is released

Question 34

Step ) of the Kreb cycle

Answer 34

Succinctness is converted to fumarate and two hydrogen atoms reduced FAD to FADH2

Question 35

Step 7 of the Kreb cycle

Answer 35

Fumarate is converted to Malate

Question 36

Step 8 of the Kreb cycle

Answer 36

Malate is converted to to oxaloacetate and two hydrogen atoms reduced NAD+ to NADH