Cell injury CC Flashcards
Name the three acinar zones of the hepatic nodule
periportal, transitional, pericentral
which acinar zone is most likely to be damaged by ischaemia and paracetemol overdose
pericentral zone
What will be sign under the light microscope in hepatitis B/C
apoptotic cells called a councilman’s cell
eosinophilic
a dying hepatocyte surrounded by normal parenchymal cells
Why are the councilman’s present in these viral infections
virally infected cells have been triggered to die by cytotoxic T cells
Give 6 ways in which apoptosis differs to necrosis
Apoptosis:Cytoplasmic budding
Necrosis: Cytoplasmic blebbing
Apoptosis:Intact plasma membrane
Necrosis:Plasma membrane lyses
Apoptosis:happens to one or two cells on a slide
Necrosis:affects lots of cells
Apoptosis: Cell shrinkage
Necrosis: Cell swelling
Apoptosis:DNA fragmentation is ordered
Necrosis:DNA fragmentation is random
Apoptosis: No inflammatory reaction
Necrosis: Induces a inflammatory reaction
Define hemiplegia
paralysis of one side
what type of necrosis do you get in the brain and why
liquefactive
loose organ with little connective tissue
A patient presents with pulmonary embolism. where do you need to check
legs for DVT
How does excessive alcohol comsumption affect the liver?
fatty liver disease
Increased reacttive oxygen species–>DNA and protein damage
Immune destruction of hepatocytes–>Alcoholic hepatitis–>hepatomegaly and perivenular fibrosis
What would you see in the lab with excessive alcohol consumption
Increased: Alanine transaminase Aspartate transaminase ALD gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)
Thrombocytopenia
Hypoglycaemia
Mallory bodies present under the microscope- Damaged keratin filaments in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes
how would someone present with hep B
Jaundice, abdo pain, anorexia, fever, malaise, nausea, hepatomegaly (inflammed so painful)
What are the three markers for hepatitis used in laboratory diagnosis and seeing the progression of the disease
Surface antibody (HBsAb) Core Antibody (HBcAg) (IGM and IgG) Surface antigen (HbsAg)
Symptoms of acute pancreatitis
hypocalcaemia (Used by fat necrosis)
Cullen’s Sign (Bruised belly button)
Grey turners sign(Bruising along flanks)
Pain in epigastric region
What would you see in the lab with acute pancreatitis?
Raised serum amylase and lipase
What is Hereditary Haemochromatosis
Absorb an unusually high amoount of iron
Normally absorb about 10% of intake
Now absorb 25% ish
What is the word for the deposition of iron in organs
Haemosiderosis
Why is too high iron levels bad?
Can make free radicals (Fe2+ + H2O2–>Fe3+ + .OH + OH-
Causes cellular damage–>tissue fibrosis
Name some complications of hereditary haemochromatosis (Organ then problem) (5 organs)
Liver- Cirrhosis and liver cancer Pancreas- Type 1 diabetes(Destruction of β islet cells), Malabsorption Skin- Bronze pigmentation Heart- Arrythmias Joints- degenerative joint disease
Treatment for Hereditary Haemochromatosis
phlebotomy (blood letting)
Deferoxamine (Binds to free iron in the blood–>excretion in urine)
What is alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency?
liver produces incorrectly folded alpha 1 antityrpsin
Accumulates in the ER and not secreted
Complications of alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
alpha 1 antitrypsin is a protease inhibitor
Normally macrophages secrete proteases to clear up debris in the lungs
to prevent excessive damage to lung tissue, the alpha 1 antitrypsin acts as an inhibitor
So decreased alpha 1 antitrypsin–> increased protease activity–>Emphhysema
4 symptoms of alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
shortness of breath
wheezing
rhombi (crackling when breathing)
jaundice
What is coal workers pneumoconiosis?
Build up of dust
Leads to inflammation, fibrosis and necrosis
