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Pathology > Cell Injury > Flashcards

Cell Injury Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of cell injury

A

Hypoxia
Ischaemia
Physical agents
Chemicals agents
Microbial agents
Immunologic causes
Nutrition derangements
Ageing
Psychogenic causes
Idiopathic

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2
Q

Define atrophy

A

Reduction in number and size of parenchymal cells of organ or its part which was once normal is called atrophy

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3
Q

Eg of physiological atrophy

A

A trophy of lymphoid tissue with age
A trophy of thymus in adult life
Atrophy gonads after menopause
Atrophy of brain with aging

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4
Q

Pathological atrophy

A

Starvation atrophy
Ischemic atrophy
Dis use a trophy
Neuropathic atrophy example polymyelitis motor neurone disease nerve section
Endocrine trophy example hypopitutism hypothyroidism
Pressure atrophy examples are erosion of spines by tumor in nerve root erosion

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5
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Hypertrophy is an increasing size of parenchymal cell resulting in enlargement of the effected organ or tissue

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6
Q

Physiological hypertrophy

A

Enlarge uterus in pregnancy

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7
Q

Pathological hypertrophy

A

Hypertrophy of cardiac muscle
Due to:
1. Systemic hypertension
2. Aortic disease
3. Mitral insufficiency
Hypertrophy of smooth muscle example
1. Cardiac achalasia
2. Pyloric stenosis
Compensatory hypertrophy of an organ when contralateral organ is removed example following nephrotomy on one side in young patient there is compensatory hypertrophy as well as hyperplasia of the nephrons of the other kidney

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8
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of parenchymal cell resulting in enlargement of the organ and tissue

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9
Q

Physiological hyperplasia

A

1.Hormonal hyperplasia examples are enlargement of female breast during pregnancy and lactation and also uterus
2. Compensatory hyperplasia

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10
Q

Pathologic hyperplasia

A

Benign interastatic hyperplasia in old age

hyperplasia of skin in non healing ulcer

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11
Q

Metaplasia

A

Metaplasia is defined as reversible change in one type of mature differentiated epithelial or Mesenchymal to another type of mature epithelial or mesenchymal

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12
Q

Metaplasia

A

Metaplasia is defined as reversible change in one type of mature differentiated epithelial or Mesenchymal to another type of mature epithelial or mesenchymal

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13
Q

Dysplasia

A

Dysplasia means disordered cellular development of preceded or accompanied with metaplasia and hyperplasia. it is therefore also referred to as a typical hyperplasia

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14
Q

Steps of reversible cell injury

A
  1. Decrease generation of cellular ATP damaged by ischemia
  2. Intercellular lactic acidosis which causes nuclear clamping
    3.damage to plasma membrane pumps
    There is damage to sodium potassium pump which causes hydrox swelling means the swelling of the cell
    There is failure of calcium pump which causes mitochondrial spelling and deposition of phosphor lipid rich amorphous density
  3. Reduce Protein synthesis as a result of hypoxia endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus swell up thus I
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15
Q

What are mylien figures

A

Mylene figures are derived from membrane enclosing water and dissociated lipoproteins between laminate of injured membrane

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16
Q

Changes occurring during irreversible cell injury

A
  1. Calcium influx which cause mitochondrial damage disabling its function. Morphologically it appears in the form of vacuole in the mitochondria and deposit of amorphous calcium salt in mitochondrial matrix
  2. Activated phospholipase: increased calcium in flux activates phospholipase this intern degrade phospholipid which are main constituent of lipid bilayer membrane
  3. Activated intracellular proteases cause cytoskeletal damage. This cytoskeleton microfilaments and intermediate filament can be damaged by proteases or also the result of cell swelling
  4. Activated endonuclease cause nuclear damage
  5. There is rupture of the lysosomal membrane which causes the release of the lysosomal enzyme and ultimately the cell death
17
Q

Condensation and clumping of nucleus which becomes dark basophilic

A

Pyknosis

18
Q

Nuclear fragmentation into small BITS dispersed in the cytoplasm

A

Karyorrhexis

19
Q

Dissolution of the nucleus

A

Karyolysis

20
Q

Ischaemia reperfusion injury

A

Due to excessive accumulation of oxygen species or free radical

21
Q

Cytotoxicity of free radical

A
  1. Lipid peroxidation
  2. Dna damage
  3. Oxidation of proteins
  4. Cytoskeletal damage
22
Q

What are antioxidant

A

Antioxidants are endogenous or exogenous substances which inactive the free radical the substance include
Vitamin e A c
Sulphydryl containing compound eg cysteine and glutathione

23
Q

Oxygen burst

A

Incoming activated neutrophils utilises oxygen quickly and further release large excess of oxygen free radical

24
Q

What are the two types of stress protein in cell injury

A

Heart shock protein
Ubiquitin

25
Q

Accumulation of water within the cytoplasm of the cell

A

Hydropic change

26
Q

Intracellular hyaline

A

Hyaline droplets in Pct due to protein urea
Hyaline degeneration of rectus abdominis muscle called zenkers
degeneration in typhoid fever

27
Q

Intracellular hyaline

A

Hyaline droplets in Pct due to protein urea
Hyaline degeneration of rectus abdominis muscle called zenkers
degeneration in typhoid fever

28
Q

Necrosis

A

Necrosis is defined as localised area of death of tissue followed later by degeneration of tissue by hydrolytic enzyme liberated from dead cell it is invariably a company by inflammatory reaction

29
Q

Most common type of necrosis caused by irreversible focal injury mostly from sudden cessation of blood flow

A

Coagulative necrosis

30
Q

Focus of coagulative necrosis in early stage is pain firm and slightly

A

Infarct

31
Q

What is the hallmark of coagulative necrosis

A

Conversion of normal cells into Tombstone that is outlines of cells are retained and type can still be recognise but the cytoplasmic and nuclear details are loss

32
Q

Seen in focal bacterial or, occasionally, fungal infections, because microbes stimulate the accumulation of inflammatory cells and the enzymes of leukocytes digest the tissue.

A

Liquefactive necrosis

33
Q

The type of necrosis which is found in centre of focib of tubercular infection

A

Caseous

34
Q

Special form of cell that occurring at mainly fat rich and atomic location in the body

A

Fat necrosis

35
Q

Examples of fat necrosis

A

Traumatic fat necrosis of breast especially in heavy and pendulous breast
Mesenteric fat necrosis due to acute pancreatitis

36
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis

A

Fibrinoid necrosis is characterized by the deposition of the fibrin like material which has properties of Fibrin examples are auto immune vasculitis

37
Q

Calcification

A

Deposition of calcium salts in tissue other than osteoid and enamel is called calcification
Dystrophic- necrotic, severe atherosclerosis
Metastatic - normal, hypecalemia

Pathology (4 decks)

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