Cell inflammation

Question 1

What is inflammation?

Answer 1

Non-specific response to cellular injury
Removes the cause and consequence of injury
A universal process occurs in most diseases

Question 2

What are the 4 main signs of acute inflammation?

Answer 2

Swelling
Heat
Redness
Pain
(loss of function)

Question 3

What causes inflammation?

Answer 3

Pathogens
Allergens
Auto-antigens
Physical damage
Extreme temperatures
Non-apoptotic cell death

Question 4

What is acute inflammation?

Answer 4

Rapid repose non-specific response to cellular injury

Applies to any viable, vascularised tissue

Question 5

What happens during inflammation?

Answer 5

Change in local blood flow
Structural changes in the microvasculature
Recruitment?accumulation of immune cells and proteins

Question 6

What happens when the tissue is damaged?

Answer 6

Inflammatory signals
Vasodilators released
-histamine
-nitric oxide
Vascular changes 
- increased permeability
-dilation
-reduced flow 
-plasma oxide

Question 7

What benefits does increased vascular permeability and leakage bring?

Answer 7

Increased antibodies
Increased protein
Increased barrier
Increased Leukocyte migration

Question 8

What is exudate?

Answer 8

Fluid, proteins and cells that have seeped out of a blood vessel
Acts as barrier

Question 9

What happens during immune cell recruitment?

Answer 9

Chemokines produced diffuse out forming gradient

Leukocytes expressing complementary chemokine receptors migrate towards the chemokine source

Question 10

What are the 4 steps of neutrophil extravasation?

Answer 10

Chemo-attraction
Rolling adhesion
Tight-adhesion
Transmigration (neurophil swarming)

Question 11

What do neutrophils do at the site of inflammation?

Answer 11

Pathogen recognition
Pathogen Clearance 
-Phagocytosis 
- Netosis
Cytokine secretion
-recruitment and activation of other immune cells

Question 12

How is acute inflammation resolved?

Answer 12

Pathogen recognition
Neutrophils have a short half life
Macrophages 
-clear apoptotic cells 
-produce anti-inflammatory mediators
Mainly self-regualting

Question 13

Name some diseases characterised by chronicle inflammation?

Answer 13

Arthritis
Asthma
Hepatitis
Multiple Sclerosis
Psoriasis

Question 14

Name some diseases associated with granulomatous inflammation?

Answer 14

TB
Leprosy
Crohn’s disease

Question 15

What is chronic inflammation?

Answer 15

Similar to acute but there is persistent inflammatory stimuli
e.g infection or toxic stimuli

Question 16

What does persistent stimuli cause?

Answer 16

Distinct immune cells infiltrate
-Macrophages
-T cells
-Plasma cells 
A vicious cycle 
-bystander tissue destruction
-concurrent repaint processes

Question 17

What is the role of macrophages in inflammation?

Answer 17

Recruited as monocytes to the sire of inflammation 
Phagocytic- clear cellular debris
Cytotoxic
Anti-inflammatory
Wound repair

Question 18

Why can macrophages cause harm?

Answer 18

Cytotoxic- don’t only kill pathogen but surrounding cells
Inflammatory
Pro-fibrotic- can cause permanent damage to tissue function

Question 19

What is the role of T-lymphocytes?

Answer 19

Pro-inflammatory- clear infection well
Cytotoxic- don’t damage surrounding tissues
Regulatory

Question 20

What is the role of B-lymphocytes?

Answer 20

Generate plasma cells that secrete antibodies
Protective- clear infection
Inflammatory- driving reactions against self
Can be local or operate remotely

Question 21

What is granulomatous inflammation?

Answer 21

Chronic inflammation with distinct pattern of granuloma formation
Trigged by a strong T-cell response

Question 22

What is the characteristic circular space in granulomatous inflammation?

Answer 22

Aggregation of activated macrophages

A barrier defined for clearance

Question 23

What are the outcomes of acute inflammation?

Answer 23

Clear inflammatory agents
Remove damaged cells
Restore normal tissue function

Question 24

What are the outcomes of chronic inflammation?

Answer 24

Excess tissue damage
Scarring
Loss of organ function- organ failure

Question 25

What does wound healing lead to?

Answer 25

Extra-cellular matriculates deposition

Question 26

What are the consequences of inflammation?

Answer 26

Broncho-pneumonia
Scarring
Can lead to loss of function in tissues