cell functions Flashcards

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1
Q

Centrioles

A

involved in cell division- (spindle formed from centrioles and chromosomes attach to this which motor proteins walk up the threads)
-pull chromosomes to opposite ends
-involved in the formation of cilia and undilipodia (centrioles line up and multiply beneath cell surface membrane and they are formed by microtubules sprouting from each centriole)

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2
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

-protein microfilament give support and mechanical strength, keeping cell’s shape stable and allowing cell movement
-microtubules: provide shape and support to cells and help organelles move through cytoplasm + form the track that motor proteins walk and drag organelles from one part of cell to another
-form the spindle before cell division
-microtubules
-immediate filament made of variety of proteins: anchor the nucleus within cytoplasm, extend between cells so cell signalling allowed and cells adhere to basement membrane
-basement membrane stabilises tissue

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3
Q

Cellulose cell wall

A

-strong and can prevent cells from bursting
Cell wall:
-provides strength and support
-maintains cell’s shape
-permeable to allow solutions to pass through
Fungi have cell walls containing chitin instead of cellulose.

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4
Q

Ribosomes

A

site of translation (protein synthesis) - reads instruction to assemble amino acids into protein

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5
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesises and processes lipids.
-contains enzymes that catalyse reactions involved in lipid metabolism
-involved in absorption, synthesis and transport of lipids

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6
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Processes and packages new lipids and proteins and also makes lysosomes.
-proteins modified e.g by adding sugar (glycoproteins) or adding lipid molecules (lipoproteins)
-proteins packaged into vesicles to be stored in cell or moved to plasma membrane

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7
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes
-the intracellular transport system
-provides large surface area for ribosomes to assemble amino acids into proteins
-vesicles pinches off and transported to the Golgi apparatus

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8
Q

Mitochondria

A

The site of aerobic respiration where ATP is produced
-self-replicating
-abundant in very active cells

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9
Q

Cilia and undulipodia

A

The microtubules allow the cilia to move and the movement is used by the cell to move substances along the cell surface
-only human cell to have an undulipodium is a spermatozoon- enables it to move

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10
Q

Chloroplast

A

Site of photosynthesis
stage 1: light trapped by chlorophyll to make ATP where energy is released in grana
H2O split to supply H+ ions
stage 2: when hydrogen reduces CO2, makes carbs in stroma using energy from ATP

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11
Q

Nucleus, nuclear envelope, nucleolus, nuclear pore

A

Controls the cell’s activities by controlling transcription of DNA (contains instructions to make proteins)
Nucleolus: makes ribosomes
Nuclear pore: helps transport substances between nucleus and cytoplasm
Nuclear envelope: a double membrane
Chromatin: made from DNA wound up around histone proteins

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12
Q

Lysosome

A

Keep powerful hydrolytic enzymes away from the rest of the cell.
Engulf old cell organelles and foreign matter, digest them and return the digested component to the cell for reuse

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13
Q

Vacuole

A

-only plant cells have a large permanent vacuole filled with water and solutes
Maintains stability as pushes against the cell wall when full (turgid) which supports the plant, especially in non-woody parts

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