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AP Biology > Cell Energy > Flashcards

Cell Energy Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

law of conservation of energy

energy cannot be created or destroyed
the total amount of available energy in the universe is constant

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2
Q

Cellular Work (3 types)

A

everything we can do –> our cells can do

  1. Chemical Work
  2. Transport Work
  3. Mechanical Work
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3
Q

Chemical Work

A

synthesis of monomers & polymers

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4
Q

Transport Work

A

movement of molecules across the membranes via a protein pump

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5
Q

Mechanical Work

A

contraction of muscle cells, movement of chromosomes during cell division, & the movement of cilia and flagella

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6
Q

Cellular work requires ____ Energy

A

CHEMICAL (NOT heat)

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7
Q

Chemical Energy

A

Energy stored in chemical bonds (Covalent) -> strong bonds = more energy

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8
Q

when chem bonds are broken energy is ____

A

RELEASED

created

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9
Q

when chem bonds are formed (created) energy is ____

A

STORED

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10
Q

cells utilize chemical energy and carry out cellular work via ____

A

METABOLIC PATHWAYS

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11
Q

METABOLIC PATHWAYS

A
  1. occurs in a series of rxns (steps)
  2. each reaction is aided by enzymes
  3. complex molecules are either gradually being broken down or created
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12
Q

Metabolism

A

SUM total of all METABOLIC PATHWAYS in an organism

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13
Q

Exergonic Reaction

A

Type of metabolic rxn

Net release of chemical energy –> bonds are broken
hydrolysis

products = lower e level than reactants

reaction is spontaneous (activation energy then drop in free energy - energy being released)

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14
Q

Endergonic Reaction

A

Type of metabolic rxn

Net absorption of chemical energy –> bonds are created
dehydration synthesis

products at a higher level than the reactants (increase - energy being stored + activation energy - then levels to the energy that was stored)

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15
Q

Catabolic Pathway

A

series of rxns that will result in a NET RELEASE of chemical energy

complex molecules are gradually BROKEN DOWN

cats release energy and break things down

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16
Q

Anabolic Pathway

A

Series of rxns that result in a net absorption of chem energy

complex molecules are gradually created

17
Q

ALL cellular work is ____

A

ANABOLIC

biology is interested in the processes of life

18
Q

primary succession

A

succession in an area that was not previously inhabited

19
Q

secondary succession

A

succession in an area with soil - after disturbance

20
Q

eutrophication

A

results from a decrease in oxygen levels in a body of water

loss of animal life in a body of water

begins with an algae bloom

21
Q

Energy Coupling

A

E released by exergonic reactions used to drive endergonic reactions

larger-scale - e released by catabolic pathways used to drive anabolic pathways

22
Q

______ pathways are used to drive ______ pathways

A

CATABOLIC

ANABOLIC

23
Q

cells use ____ as an intermediate in energy coupling

A

ATP

breaks down phosphate-phosphate bonds through hydrolysis - releases the most energy

24
Q

ATP hydrolysis

A

This leads to ADP (adenine diphosphate)

phosphate group and E are released

with the help of enzymes able to couple the e released by ATP hydrolysis to create and endothermic reaction

25
Q

Phosphorylation

A

couples the e of ATP hydrolysis to the phosphorylation of another molecule

recipient of the phosphate group is phosphorylated

MOST biological molecules are activated by phosphorylation (become more reactive because of change in shape)

26
Q

Phosphorylation of protein pumps

A

protein pump is phosphorylated when P is added causing it to change in shape which pumps it across the membrane

27
Q

E required to phosphorylate ADP is derived from ______

A

cellular work

28
Q

Enzymes are ____

A

CATALYSTS

speed up rxns

recycled - not consumed by rxns

29
Q

Enzymes specifically catalyze rxns by _____

A

INDUCED FIT

specificity results from enzyme shape
Enzyme & substrate MUST BE complementary

30
Q

induced fit cases the enzyme to _____

A

CHANGE SHAPE SLIGHTLY

induced fit stretches the bonds of the substrate molecules

31
Q

if only one substrate “stressing” bonds ….

A

easier to break bonds (exergonic)

32
Q

if two substrates “stressing” bonds …

A

More likely to form bonds (endergonic)

33
Q

Cofactors

A

molecules that assist an enzyme in binding to the substrate

NOT required by all enzymes + not recyclable

34
Q

Coenzymes

A

Organic molecules that serve as cofactors

serve as temporary electron acceptors during oxidation

35
Q

Negative Feedback inhibition

A

when too much of a substrate in cells slows down its own synthesis

36
Q

HIGH concentration of end product …

A

SLOWS DOWN ITS OWN SYNTHESIS

37
Q

LOW concentration of end product …

A

TURNS ON metabolic pathways

AP Biology (6 decks)

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