Cell Bio Flashcards
Modern Cell theory
All organisms composed of one or more cells
cell is the smallest entity THAT CAN LIVE
new cells are derived from preexisting cells
Unicellular Organisms
composed of only one unspecialized cell
cell has INDEPENDENT life
Multicellular Organisms
composed of multiple cells specialized for particular function
individualized special cells do NOT have independent life outside of the complete organism
Prokaryotic Cells
NO true nucleus
no membrane-bound organelles within the cytoplasm
ONLY UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS
ex. bacteria
Eukaryotic Cells
TRUE nucleus
have membrane-bound organelles
unicellular and multicellular organisms
10* larger than prokaryotic cells
ex. protists, plants, animals, and fungi
Organelles
specialized structures that perform a specific function
most are MEMBRANE BOUND
Organelles in ALL cell types (4)
DNA (chromosomes; genetic material), cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes
Flagella
in some prokaryotes and some animal cells
used for movement in water
attached to the cell membrane of SOME animal cells & prokaryotes
tail-like extension
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
ONLY in eukaryotes - plant & animal cells
ROUGH - synthesis of proteins (ribosomes attached)
SMOOTH - produce lipids, breakdown alcohol and drugs (NO ribosomes attached)
found in the cytoplasm directly following the nucleus
membrane-bound
network of membrane-bound sacs that are attached
Central Vacuole
ONLY eukaryotes ONLY plants
Large sac used for storage of water
gives plant cells structure and rigidity
free-floating in the cytoplasm
occupies the maximum amount of available space within the cell
Cytoskeleton
ONLY eukaryotes BOTH plant and animal cells
provides structure and cell SHAPE
extends through the cytoplasm
NOT membrane-bound
network of PROTEIN fibers extending through the cytoplasm
Mitochondria
ONLY eukaryotes BOTH plant and animal cells
site of cellular respiration –> ATP synthesis
free floating throughout the cytoplasm
MEMBRANE_BOUND (has a DOUBLE MEMBRANE)
has its own ring of DNA and ribosomes
Pili
ONLY in some prokaryotes
attach to other surfaces and bacterial cells
used for conjugation - transfer of plasmids (genetic material) between two different bacterial cells
hair-like extensions from the cell wall
Centrioles
ONLY eukaryotes and animal cells
cytoskeleton PROTEINS responsible for pulling replicated chromosomes apart during cellular division
in PAIRS free-floating in the cytoplasm near the NUCLEUS
Golgi Apparatus
ONLY eukaryotes both plant and animal cells
processing and packaging center of the cell –> modifies and packages proteins
proteins packed into vesicles for distribution outside of cell
free-floating in the cytoplasm
network of membrane-bound flattened sacs that are connected
Ribosome
ALL CELLS
make proteins
free-floating in the cytoplasm of BOTH prokaryotes and eukaryotes
ALSO found attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes
NOT membrane-bound
RNA wrapped around a protein
Nucleus
ONLY eukaryotes BOTH plant and animals
houses the chromatin (DNA wrapped around histone proteins)
control center of the cell
found in the cytoplasm
membrane-bound (NUCLEAR ENVELOPE)
Nucleolus
ONLY eukaryotes both plant and animal cells
makes ribosomes
free floating inside the NUCLEUS
not membrane-bound
Cell Wall
ALL prokaryotes ONLY eukaryotic plant cells
gives plant cells structure and rigidity - protection
OUTSIDE the cell membrane
composed of cellulose in plant cells
composed of peptidoglycan in prokaryotes
Chloroplast
ONLY eukaryotes & ONLY plant cells
site of photosynthesis –> solar energy into chemical energy
free floating in the cytoplasm
MEMBRANE-BOUND (double membrane)
own ring of DNA and contains chlorophyll
Plasmid
ONLY prokaryotes
carry EXTRA bacterial genes (typically not genes for traits required for survival)
free floating in the cytoplasm
small accessory rings of DNA
multiple present in a single cell
NOT membrane-bound
Lysosomes
ONLY eukaryotes - only ANIMAL cells
sacs that contain digestive enzymes that BREAK DOWN old organelles, waste, nutrients & invading bacterial cells
free floating in the cytoplasm
membrane-bound sacs
Cytoplasm
ALL CELLS
semi-fluid container for all the cell’s content, aids in cell shape, chemical resources for biochem reactions
entire available volume of the cell
composed mainly of H2O
Vacuole
ONLY in eukaryotes BOTH plant and animal cells
temporary sacs used for storage
free-floating in the cytoplasm
membrane-bound sacs
Vesicles
ONLY eukaryotes BOTH plant and animals
temporary sacs used for transport throughout the cell
free-floating
membrane-bound