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BIO 2 - foundations in biology > CELL DIVISION, DIVERSITY, CELLULAR ORGANISATION (2.1.6) > Flashcards

CELL DIVISION, DIVERSITY, CELLULAR ORGANISATION (2.1.6) Flashcards

1
Q

State the stages of the cell cycle

A
  • interphase
  • m phase
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2
Q

State and describe the stages of interphase

A

G1 Phase:
- organelles replicated
- protein synthesis
- cell grows
S Phase:
- DNA replicated
G2 Phase
- cell grows
- ATP production increases
- protein synthesis for spindle fibres

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3
Q

State and describe the checkpoints within interphase

A

G1 checkpoint
- checks that required chemicals are present for replication
- checks for DNA damage
G2 checkpoint
- checks DNA has been replicated without damage

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4
Q

State G0 Phase’s position in the cell cycle and its purpose

A
  • after G1 phase
  • exit from the cell cycle
  • fully differentiated cells permanently enter
  • senescent cells enter permanently
  • some enter temporarily, late triggered to re-join cell cycle
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5
Q

State the stages within M phase

A
  • mitosis
  • cytokinesis
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6
Q

State and explain the checkpoint in M phase

A
  • Metaphase checkpoint
  • checks that chromosomes are correctly assembled on mitotic spindle
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7
Q

State purpose of mitosis

A
  • growth
  • repair of damaged cells
  • asexual reproduction
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8
Q

What is the centromere and its purpose

A
  • “round” structure
  • after replication, 2 sister chromatids are attached at the centromere
  • attach to spindle fibres during metaphase
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9
Q

Describe prophase in mitosis

A
  • chromosomes condense, become visible
  • centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell for spindle formation
  • nuclear envelope breaks down, meaning chromosomes are free in the cytoplasm
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10
Q

Describe metaphase in mitosis

A
  • chromosomes line up along the middle at the spindle equator
  • become attached to spindle fibres at their centromere
  • MPHASE CHECKPOINT
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11
Q

Describe anaphase in mitosis

A
  • spindle fibres contract/shorten
    -centromere divides
  • sister chromatically pulled to opposite ends of the cell
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12
Q

Describe telophase in mitosis

A
  • spindle fibres disintegrate
  • chromatids reach opposite poles
  • chromosomes no longer visible
  • nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes
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13
Q

Describe cytokinesis after mitosis

A
  • animal cells, cleavage furrow forms
  • divides cell membrane
  • cytoplasm divides
  • produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells
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14
Q

What is a zygote

A
  • formed after fertilisation
  • diploid, 46 chromosomes
  • divides through mitosis to form a new organism
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15
Q

What is a gamete

A
  • sex cell (sperm or egg)
  • haploid, 23 chromosomes
  • join to produce zygote
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16
Q

Describe chromosomes in a normal body cell

A
  • 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes (46 overall)
  • 1 chromosome in each pair from mother, the other from the father
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17
Q

What are homologous chromosomes

A
  • same size chromosome for the same gene
  • one from the mother, one from the father
  • may have different alleles (versions of the same gene)
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18
Q

State the purpose of meiosis

A
  • occurs in sex organs only
  • produce gametes (haploid)
  • forms 4 genetically different daughter cells with different combinations of chromosomes
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19
Q

State the stages of meiosis

A

MEIOSIS 1: occurs with original diploid cell
-prophase 1 -metaphase 1 -anaphase 1 -telophase 1
MEIOSIS 2:
-prophase 2 -metaphase 2 -anaphase 2 -telophase 2

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20
Q

Describe what happens during recombination/crossing over

A

PROPHASE 1
- homologous pairs of chromosomes pair up
- chromatids twist around each other, swapping parts
- chromatids contain the same gene, but different alleles
- means daughter cells in meiosis 2 have chromatids w/ different alleles

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21
Q

Describe what happens during independent assortment of chromosomes

A

ANAPHASE 1
- after maternal and paternal chromosomes line up, it is random as to how they are separated
- daughter cells have different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes
- leads to genetic variation in offspring

22
Q

State what is different about anaphase 2 to anaphase 1

A

Sister chromatids are separated rather than chromosomes

23
Q

Define potency

A

The ability of stem cells to differentiate into more specialised cell types

24
Q

What is a totipotent cell

A
  • stem cell that can differentiate into any cell type found in an embryo AND extra-embryonic cells (e.g. placenta cells)
  • Ex. Zygote
25
Q

What is a pluripotent cell

A
  • stem cell that can differentiate into any embryonic cell type but NOT extra embryonic cells
  • e.g. embryonic stem cells
26
Q

What is a multi potent cell

A
  • stem cell that can differentiate into cells of certain types
  • e.g. adult stem cells in bone marrow, skin, brain etc
27
Q

What is a null potent cell

A
  • a cell that cannot differentiate into any other cell type
28
Q

What can bone marrow stem cells differentiate into

A
  • erythrocytes(RBCs)
  • neutrophils (WBCs)
29
Q
  • What do meristem cells differentiate into
  • where are they found in plants
A
  • xylem vessels or phloem sieve tubes
  • located in vascular cambium, found in roots and shoots
30
Q

How could stem cells help
- repair damaged tissues
- treat neurological disorders

A
  • could replace damaged cells (e.g. burn patients)
  • could generate new neurones (e.g. Alzheimer’s)
31
Q

How does researching developmental biology (stem cells) help medicine

A

Could help learn about
- cancer
- developmental disorders
- affect of medicines on embryos

32
Q

How are erythrocytes specialised for their function

A

Biconcave - large surface area for gas exchange
No nucleus - more room for haemoglobin

33
Q

How are neutrophils specialised for their function

A

Flexible - allows them to engulf pathogens
Many lysosomes - contain digestive enzymes to break down pathogens

34
Q

How are epithelial cells specialised for their function

A

Cilia - best to move particles away
Microvilli - increases surface area for gas exchange

35
Q

How are sperm cells specialised for their function

A

Across me - digestive enzymes to penetrate egg surface
Many mitochondria - energy to swim
Flagellum - to swim to egg

36
Q

How are palisade mesophyll cells specialised for their function

A

Many chloroplasts - absorb sunlight for photosynthesis
Thin walls - allow for easy diffusion of CO2 into the cell

37
Q

How are-root hair cells specialised for their function

A

Large surface area - absorption of water and ions
Thin permeable wall - entry of water and ions
Extra mitochondria in cytoplasm - energy for active transport

38
Q

How are guard cells specialised for their function

A

Thin outer cell wall, Thick inner cell wall - force the cells to bend outwards, opening stomata

39
Q

Define “tissue”

A
  • group of cells specialise to work together to perform a function
  • can contain more than one cell type
40
Q

Describe the structure and function of squamous epithelium tissue

A
  • layer of cells which line surfaces
  • found in many places (e.g. alveoli)
  • have a thin surface for quick movement of substances
41
Q

Describe the structure and function of collimated epithelium tissue

A
  • layer of cells that are covered in cilia
  • on surfaces where things need to be moved ( e.g. in the trachea, cilia wafts mucus)
42
Q

Describe the structure and function of muscle tissue

A
  • bundles of elongated cells called “muscle fibres”
    3 types: - smooth (e.g. in stomach) - cardiac (in heart) - skeletal (used to move)
43
Q

Describe the structure and function of cartilage tissue

A
  • connective tissue in joints
  • shaped and supports: ears, nose, windpipe (trachea)
  • formed when chondroblast cells secrete an extra-cellular matrix (jelly substance with protein fibres), which they become trapped inside
44
Q

Describe the structure and function of xylem tissues

A
  • transports water around the plant
  • supports the plant
  • contains hollow xylem vessels (dead)
  • parenchyma vessels (living)
45
Q

Describe the structure and function of phloem tissues

A
  • transports sugars around the plant
  • arranged in tubes, made of sieve cells, companion cells, some ordinary plant cells
  • each sieve cell has a sieve plate (end wall), which has holes allowing easy movement of sap between them
46
Q

Define the term organ

A

Group of different tissues that work together to carry out a particular function

47
Q

Describe the structure and function of the lungs

A
  • squamous epithelium tissue
  • ciliated epithelium tissue
  • elastic connective tissue
  • carries out gas exchange
48
Q

Describe the structure and function of the leaf

A
  • palisade and epidermal tissues
  • xylem and phloem tissues
  • plant organ that carries out photosynthesis
49
Q

Define the term organ system

A

Organs that work together to form organ systems, which have a particular function

50
Q

Describe the structure and function of the respiratory system

A

ORGAN - lung TISSUE - squamous epithelium in the alveoli CELLS - squamous epithelium
- gas exchange

51
Q

Describe the structure and function of the circulatory system

A

CONTAINS
- heart. - veins
- arteries. - capillaries
- involved in blood supply

BIO 2 - foundations in biology (7 decks)

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