Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIO 2 - foundations in biology > CELL DIVISION, DIVERSITY, CELLULAR ORGANISATION (2.1.6) > Flashcards

CELL DIVISION, DIVERSITY, CELLULAR ORGANISATION (2.1.6) Flashcards

1
Q

State the stages of the cell cycle

A
  • interphase
  • m phase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

State and describe the stages of interphase

A

G1 Phase:
- organelles replicated
- protein synthesis
- cell grows
S Phase:
- DNA replicated
G2 Phase
- cell grows
- ATP production increases
- protein synthesis for spindle fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

State and describe the checkpoints within interphase

A

G1 checkpoint
- checks that required chemicals are present for replication
- checks for DNA damage
G2 checkpoint
- checks DNA has been replicated without damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

State G0 Phase’s position in the cell cycle and its purpose

A
  • after G1 phase
  • exit from the cell cycle
  • fully differentiated cells permanently enter
  • senescent cells enter permanently
  • some enter temporarily, late triggered to re-join cell cycle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

State the stages within M phase

A
  • mitosis
  • cytokinesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

State and explain the checkpoint in M phase

A
  • Metaphase checkpoint
  • checks that chromosomes are correctly assembled on mitotic spindle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

State purpose of mitosis

A
  • growth
  • repair of damaged cells
  • asexual reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the centromere and its purpose

A
  • “round” structure
  • after replication, 2 sister chromatids are attached at the centromere
  • attach to spindle fibres during metaphase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe prophase in mitosis

A
  • chromosomes condense, become visible
  • centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell for spindle formation
  • nuclear envelope breaks down, meaning chromosomes are free in the cytoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe metaphase in mitosis

A
  • chromosomes line up along the middle at the spindle equator
  • become attached to spindle fibres at their centromere
  • MPHASE CHECKPOINT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe anaphase in mitosis

A
  • spindle fibres contract/shorten
    -centromere divides
  • sister chromatically pulled to opposite ends of the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe telophase in mitosis

A
  • spindle fibres disintegrate
  • chromatids reach opposite poles
  • chromosomes no longer visible
  • nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe cytokinesis after mitosis

A
  • animal cells, cleavage furrow forms
  • divides cell membrane
  • cytoplasm divides
  • produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a zygote

A
  • formed after fertilisation
  • diploid, 46 chromosomes
  • divides through mitosis to form a new organism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a gamete

A
  • sex cell (sperm or egg)
  • haploid, 23 chromosomes
  • join to produce zygote
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe chromosomes in a normal body cell

A
  • 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes (46 overall)
  • 1 chromosome in each pair from mother, the other from the father
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are homologous chromosomes

A
  • same size chromosome for the same gene
  • one from the mother, one from the father
  • may have different alleles (versions of the same gene)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

State the purpose of meiosis

A
  • occurs in sex organs only
  • produce gametes (haploid)
  • forms 4 genetically different daughter cells with different combinations of chromosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

State the stages of meiosis

A

MEIOSIS 1: occurs with original diploid cell
-prophase 1 -metaphase 1 -anaphase 1 -telophase 1
MEIOSIS 2:
-prophase 2 -metaphase 2 -anaphase 2 -telophase 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe what happens during recombination/crossing over

A

PROPHASE 1
- homologous pairs of chromosomes pair up
- chromatids twist around each other, swapping parts
- chromatids contain the same gene, but different alleles
- means daughter cells in meiosis 2 have chromatids w/ different alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe what happens during independent assortment of chromosomes

A

ANAPHASE 1
- after maternal and paternal chromosomes line up, it is random as to how they are separated
- daughter cells have different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes
- leads to genetic variation in offspring

22
Q

State what is different about anaphase 2 to anaphase 1

A

Sister chromatids are separated rather than chromosomes

23
Q

Define potency

A

The ability of stem cells to differentiate into more specialised cell types

24
Q

What is a totipotent cell

A
  • stem cell that can differentiate into any cell type found in an embryo AND extra-embryonic cells (e.g. placenta cells)
  • Ex. Zygote
25
What is a pluripotent cell
- stem cell that can differentiate into any embryonic cell type but NOT extra embryonic cells - e.g. embryonic stem cells
26
What is a multi potent cell
- stem cell that can differentiate into cells of certain types - e.g. adult stem cells in bone marrow, skin, brain etc
27
What is a null potent cell
- a cell that cannot differentiate into any other cell type
28
What can bone marrow stem cells differentiate into
- erythrocytes(RBCs) - neutrophils (WBCs)
29
- What do meristem cells differentiate into - where are they found in plants
- xylem vessels or phloem sieve tubes - located in vascular cambium, found in roots and shoots
30
How could stem cells help - repair damaged tissues - treat neurological disorders
- could replace damaged cells (e.g. burn patients) - could generate new neurones (e.g. Alzheimer’s)
31
How does researching developmental biology (stem cells) help medicine
Could help learn about - cancer - developmental disorders - affect of medicines on embryos
32
How are erythrocytes specialised for their function
Biconcave - large surface area for gas exchange No nucleus - more room for haemoglobin
33
How are neutrophils specialised for their function
Flexible - allows them to engulf pathogens Many lysosomes - contain digestive enzymes to break down pathogens
34
How are epithelial cells specialised for their function
Cilia - best to move particles away Microvilli - increases surface area for gas exchange
35
How are sperm cells specialised for their function
Across me - digestive enzymes to penetrate egg surface Many mitochondria - energy to swim Flagellum - to swim to egg
36
How are palisade mesophyll cells specialised for their function
Many chloroplasts - absorb sunlight for photosynthesis Thin walls - allow for easy diffusion of CO2 into the cell
37
How are-root hair cells specialised for their function
Large surface area - absorption of water and ions Thin permeable wall - entry of water and ions Extra mitochondria in cytoplasm - energy for active transport
38
How are guard cells specialised for their function
Thin outer cell wall, Thick inner cell wall - force the cells to bend outwards, opening stomata
39
Define “tissue”
- group of cells specialise to work together to perform a function - can contain more than one cell type
40
Describe the structure and function of squamous epithelium tissue
- layer of cells which line surfaces - found in many places (e.g. alveoli) - have a thin surface for quick movement of substances
41
Describe the structure and function of collimated epithelium tissue
- layer of cells that are covered in cilia - on surfaces where things need to be moved ( e.g. in the trachea, cilia wafts mucus)
42
Describe the structure and function of muscle tissue
- bundles of elongated cells called “muscle fibres” 3 types: - smooth (e.g. in stomach) - cardiac (in heart) - skeletal (used to move)
43
Describe the structure and function of cartilage tissue
- connective tissue in joints - shaped and supports: ears, nose, windpipe (trachea) - formed when chondroblast cells secrete an extra-cellular matrix (jelly substance with protein fibres), which they become trapped inside
44
Describe the structure and function of xylem tissues
- transports water around the plant - supports the plant - contains hollow xylem vessels (dead) - parenchyma vessels (living)
45
Describe the structure and function of phloem tissues
- transports sugars around the plant - arranged in tubes, made of sieve cells, companion cells, some ordinary plant cells - each sieve cell has a sieve plate (end wall), which has holes allowing easy movement of sap between them
46
Define the term organ
Group of different tissues that work together to carry out a particular function
47
Describe the structure and function of the lungs
- squamous epithelium tissue - ciliated epithelium tissue - elastic connective tissue - carries out gas exchange
48
Describe the structure and function of the leaf
- palisade and epidermal tissues - xylem and phloem tissues - plant organ that carries out photosynthesis
49
Define the term organ system
Organs that work together to form organ systems, which have a particular function
50
Describe the structure and function of the respiratory system
ORGAN - lung TISSUE - squamous epithelium in the alveoli CELLS - squamous epithelium - gas exchange
51
Describe the structure and function of the circulatory system
CONTAINS - heart. - veins - arteries. - capillaries - involved in blood supply

BIO 2 - foundations in biology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions