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Biology (B2) > Cell Division And Inheritance > Flashcards

Cell Division And Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

WHAT IS DNA

A

Large complex molecules which carry genetic codes that determine the characteristics of a living thing

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2
Q

WHAT ARE GENES

A

A gene is a short section of DNA. Each gene codes for a specific protein by specifying the order In which amino acids must be joined together

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3
Q

WHAT ARE CHROMOSOMES

A

The cells nucleus contains chromosomes which are made up from long DNA molecules

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4
Q

WHAT IS MITOSIS?

A

Mitosis is a type of cell division that leads occurs during growth or the repairing of damaged cells.

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5
Q

WHAT HAPPENS DURING MITOSIS

A

Two new cells are formed, which are genetically identical to the other one and the cell they were formed from

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6
Q

STAGES OF MITOSIS

A

1: parent cell
2: chromosomes make identical copies of themselves
3: they line up along the centre
4: they move apart
5: two daughter cells form with identical chromosomes to the parent cell

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7
Q

How many Pairs of chromosomes are in human body cells

A

46 chromosomes

23 pairs

One of these pairs controls the inheritance of gender

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8
Q

MALE CHROMOSOMES

A

The two sex chromosomes are different

XY

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9
Q

FEMALE CHROMOSOMES

A

The two sex chromosomes are the same

XX

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10
Q

WHAT ARE GAMETES

A

Sex cells

Male = Sperm
Female = Egg

Gametes contain one set of genetic information, body cells contain 2

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11
Q

WHAT IS FERTILISATION?

A

The joining or fusion of a male and female gamete

New cell formed divided over and over by mitosis eventually forming an individual

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12
Q

WHAT IS DIFFERENTIATION

A

The process where a cell changes from one cell type to another and becomes specialised

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13
Q

WHERE DO HUMAN STEM CELLS COME FROM?

A

Human embryos
• embryonic stem cells

Adult bone marrow
• adult stem cells

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14
Q

WHAT IS MEIOSIS

A

Gametes are formed from cells in the reproductive organs by a type of cell division called meiosis.

Cells formed by meiosis have half as many chromosomes as the one they formed from

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15
Q

WHAT HAPPENS DURING MEIOSIS

A
  • the chromosomes are copied

* the cell divides twice, forming four gametes

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16
Q

STAGES OF MEIOSIS

A

1: parent cell
2: chromosomes make identical copies of themselves
3: similar chromosomes pair up
4: pairs of chromosomes divide
5: chromosomes divide again into four genetically different chromosomes

17
Q

WHAT IS AN ALLELE

A

An allele is a different form of the same gene,

For example eye colour

18
Q

WHAT IS A DOMINANT ALLELE

A

Just one copy of a dominant gene is needed for this characteristic to develop

E.g. BROWN EYES – POLYDACTYL

Represented in CAPITALS

19
Q

WHAT IS A RECESSIVE ALLELE

A

Both alleles must be recessive for this characteristic to develop

E.g. BLUE EYES — CYSTIC FIBROSIS

Represented in Lower case

20
Q

WHAT IS A GENETIC DIAGRAM

A

A genetic diagram shows all the possible alleles for a particular characteristic

21
Q

WHAT IS A HOMOZYGOUS ALLELE

A

A gene that has two identical alleles

22
Q

WHAT IS HETEROZYGOUS ALLELE

A

A gene that has two different alleles

23
Q

WHAT IS A DOUBLE HELIX?

A

In DNA two strands coil together to form a double helix. There are chemical cross links between the two strands formed by Pairs of bases.

24
Q

DNA BASE CODE?

A

The protein structure is determined by the DNA base code

Proteins are made from amino acids joining together. Each amino acid I coded by the sequence of three bases
• GGT Codes are found in glycine
• TCA Codes are found in serine

25
Q

WHAT IS DNA FINGERPRINTING?

A

By cutting a sample of DNA into fragments and comparing it with other samples it’s possible to work out if the DNA has come from the same person

26
Q

WHAT IS A GENOTYPE?

A

The genetic makeup of an individual

For example
• the particular number of each alleles in an example

27
Q

WHAT IS A PHENOTYPE

A

The characteristic expressed by an individual

28
Q

3 ISSUES CONCERNING STEM CELLS

A
  • some human embryos will be destroyed during the cloning process
  • some think it’s miser others believe it is furthering our knowledge
  • will free people from disease and suffering

Biology (B2) (6 decks)

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