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Year 12 Biology (module 2) > Cell Division And Cellular Organisation > Flashcards

Cell Division And Cellular Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Stages of The Cell Cycle.

A

1- G phase 1(cell grows and new organelles and proteins are made.)
2- G1 checkpoint (The cell checks that the chemicals needed for replication are present and for any damage to the DNA).
3- Synthesis (Cell replicates it’s DNA, ready to divide by mitosis.)
4- G phase 2 (Cell keeps growing and proteins needed for cell division are made.)
5- G2 checkpoint (Cell checks whether all the DNA has been replicated without damage)
6- M phase (Mitosis and cytokinesis).

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2
Q

What happens during interphase?

A
  • Cell’s DNA is unravelled and replicated to double it’s genetic content.
  • Organelles are replicated.
  • ATP content is increased (ATP provides the energy needed for cell division).
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3
Q

Significance of mitosis in life cycles.

A
  • Needed for the growth of multicellular organisms.
  • Repairs damaged tissues.
  • Used to reproduced asexually by some animals, plant and fungi.
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4
Q

Structure of chromosomes in mitosis.

A
  • Made up of two strands joined in the middle by a centromere.
  • Separate strands are called chromatids.
  • Two strands on the same chromosome are called sister chromatids.
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5
Q

Stages of mitosis.

A
  • Prophase.
  • Metaphase.
  • Anaphase.
  • Telophase.
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6
Q

What happens during prophase?

A
  • Chromosomes condense and become visible.

- Nuclear envelope breaks down and chromosomes lie free in the cytoplasm.

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7
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A
  • Chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell.

- They attach to the spindle via their centromere.

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8
Q

What happens during Anaphase?

A
  • Centromeres divide, separating each pair of sister chromatids.
  • Spindles contract, pulling chromatids to opposite ends of the cell.
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9
Q

What happens during Telophase?

A
  • Chromatids reach opposite poles of the spindle.
  • They uncoil and become long and thing again.
  • They are now called chromosomes again.
  • A nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes, so there are now two nuclei.
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10
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A
  • Cytoplasm divides.
  • There are now two daughter cells which are genetically identical to each other.
  • Usually begins in anaphase and telophase.
  • separate to mitosis
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11
Q

What are gametes?

A
  • Sperm cells in males.

- Egg cells in females.

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12
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A
  • Two gametes join together at fertilisation for o form a zygote.
  • The zygote divides and develops into a new organism.
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13
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A
  • Chromosomes which are the same size and have the same genes.
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14
Q

What does Meiosis 1 do?

A
  • Halves the chromosomes number
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15
Q

What happens during prophase 1 do?

A
  • Homologous chromosomes pair up.
  • Spindle fibres are formed.
  • Nuclear envelope breaks down.
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16
Q

What happens during Metaphase 1?

A
  • Homologous pairs line up across the centre of the cell.

- They attach to the spindle fibres by their centromere.

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17
Q

What happens during Anaphase 1?

A
  • Spindles contrast pulling the pairs apart.

- One chromosome goes to each end of the cell.

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18
Q

What happens during Telophase 1?

A
  • a nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes.

- Cytokinesis (the division of cytoplasm) occurs and two haploid daughter cells are produced.

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19
Q

What is the difference between Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2?

A
  • Meiosis 2 is with half the number of chromosomes.
  • Sister chromatids are separated in Anaphase 2.
  • Four haploid daughter cells are produced.
20
Q

Which earners during Meiosis leads to genetic variation?

A
  • Crossing over of chromatids.

- Independent assortment of chromosomes.

21
Q

When does crossing over of chromatids occur and how does it happen?

A
  • Prophase 1 of meiosis 1.
  • Homologous pairs of chromosomes come together and pair up.
  • Chromatids twist around each other and bits of chromatids swap over.
22
Q

What is independent assortment of chromosomes?

A
  • The ‘shuffling’ of chromosomes leads to genetic variation in any potential offspring.
23
Q

What are stem cells?

A
  • Unspecialised cells that can develop into different types of cell.
24
Q

What is one place that stem cells are found in adults?

A
  • Bone Marrow.
25
Q

What is differentiation?

A
  • The process by which a cell becomes specialised for its job is called differentiation.
26
Q

Why do stem cells have huge potential in medicine?

A
  • Could be used to repair damaged tissues. (E.g heart).

- Could treat neurological disorders (E.g Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s).:

27
Q

Erythrocytes function and how are they specialised?

A
  • Carry oxygen in the blood.
  • Biconcave disc shape provides a large surface area for gas exchange.
  • No nucleus so there’s more room for Haemoglobin.
28
Q

Neutrophils function and how are they specialised?

A
  • Defends the body against disease.
  • Flexible shape allows them to engulf pathogens.
  • Many lysosomes in their cytoplasm contain digestive enzymes to break down the engulfed.
29
Q

Epithelial cells function and how are they specialised?

A
  • Cover the surfaces of organs.
  • Ciliated epithelia have cilia to beat to move particles away.
  • Squamous epithelia are very thin to allow efficient diffusion of gases.
30
Q

Sperm cells function and how are they specialised?

A
  • Have a flagellum (tail) so they can swim to the egg.
  • ## Lots of mitochondria to provide energy to swim.
31
Q

Palisade mesophyll cells function and how are they specialised?

A
  • They do most of photosynthesis.
  • Contain many chloroplast so they can absorb a lot of sunlight.
  • Thin walls so carbon dioxide can easily diffuse into cell.
32
Q

Root hair cells function and how are they specialised?

A
  • Absorb water and mineral ions from the soil.
  • Large surface area for absorption.
  • Thin,permeable cell wall for entry of water and ions.
  • Cytoplasm contains extra mitochondria to provide the energy needed for active transport.
33
Q

Guard cells function and how are they specialised?

A
  • Thin outer walls and thick inner walls force them to bend outwards, opening the stomata which allows the leaf exchange gases for photosynthesis.
34
Q

What is a tissue?

A
  • A group of cells that are specialised to work together to carry out a particular function.
35
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A
  • Made up of muscle fibres.
  • There are 3 different types of muscle tissues…
  • Smooth, Cardiac, and skeletal.
36
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A
  • Found lining the stomach wall.

-

37
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A
  • In the heart.
38
Q

What is skeletal muscles used for?

A
  • It is used to move.
39
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A
  • Type of connective tissue found in the joints.
  • Shapes and supports the nose, ears and windpipe.
  • Formed when chondroblasts (type of cells) secrete an extra cellular matrix which they become trapped inside.
40
Q

What is the function and structure of xylem tissue?

A
  • Transports water around the plant.
  • Support the plant.
  • Contains hollow xylem vessel cells (which are dead) and living parenchyma cells.
41
Q

What is the structure and function of phloem tissue?

A
  • Transports sugar around the plant.
  • Arranged in tubes and is made up of sieve cells, companion cells and some ordinary plant cells.
  • End walls with holes in them so that sap can move through easily.
42
Q

What is an organ?

A
  • A group of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function.
43
Q

Examples of organs

A

Lungs (animal organ)

Leaf (plant organ)

44
Q

Lungs function and structure

A
  • Carry out gas exchange
  • Contain squamous epithelium tissue (in the alveoli) and ciliated epithelium tissue (in the bronchi).
  • Have elastic connective tissue and vascular tissue.
45
Q

Leaf function and structure

A
  • Carries our gas exchange and photosynthesis.
  • Contains palisade tissue, as well as epidermal tissue (to prevent water loss from the leaf).
  • Xylem and phloem tissues in the veins.
46
Q

What is an organ system?

A
  • Organs work together to form organ systems to perform a particular function.
47
Q

Examples of organs systems

A
  • Respiratory system.

- Circulatory system.

Year 12 Biology (module 2) (10 decks)

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