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Advanced Pathophysiology > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

The movement of a substance from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, against a concentration gradient

A

active transport

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2
Q

An abnormal separation during cell division leading to too many or too few chromosomes.

A

aneuploidy

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3
Q

New blood vessels to meet the needs of a growing tumor

A

angiogenesis

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4
Q

Nitrogen bases (steps) of the nucleotide are either purine (adenine and guanine) or pyrimidine (thymine and cytosine)

A

base pair

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5
Q

Each of the separate identical copies created when chromosome replicates; they attach to each other through a centromere

A

chromatid

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6
Q

DNA is combines a wrapped around the histone proteins

A

chromatin

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7
Q

When aneuploidy only occurs in some of the body cells of the offspring, but others are normal. It can occur in many disorders such as Turners, Klinefelter, and Down Syndrome

A

Chromosomal mosaicism

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8
Q

A nucleotide in DNA

A

chromosomes

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9
Q

The movement of solutes (particles dissolved in a solvent ) from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration

A

Diffusion

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10
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A

DNA

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11
Q

Addition of a methyl group to DNA cytosine, which causes a gene to become inactive or silent, leading to inhibition of transcription

A

DNA methylation

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12
Q

The act of bringing a substance into a cell

A

endocytosis

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13
Q

Determinant of gene expression (how the genes read). These changes can determine whether a gene is on or off

A

epigenetic

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14
Q

The release of materials from a cell, usually assistance of a vesicle

A

exocytosis

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15
Q

The movement of substances from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration with the assistance of a carrier molecule

A

facilitated diffusion

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16
Q

Segments of DNA that serve as a template of protein synthesis

A

genes

17
Q

Trait passed to offspring via chromosomes, or genes

A

genetic

18
Q

The complete set of DNA and genes

A

genome

19
Q

Transmitted genetic information that forms the blueprint

A

genotype

20
Q

Proteins that basically are spools that DNA wraps itself around

A

histones

21
Q

Term that describes autosomal dominant disorders and less commonly, autosomal recessive disorders that have a genotype, but the features of the disorder may never stop

A

incompetent penetrance

22
Q

Exposure of a normal cell to an environmental substance or event that causes DNA damage or mutation

A

initiation

23
Q

A representation of a person’s individual set of chromosomes

A

karyotype

24
Q

A spreading of cancer within the body

A

metastasis

25
Q

Noncoding proteins who’s function is decreasing mRNA translation or stability, essentially functioning as regulators. There are many types; some have oncogenic effect, leading to cancer

A

microRNA

26
Q

Type of stem cell that can only make cells from their same germ layer

A

multipotent

27
Q

A double helix strand made of a sugar molecule ad phosphate attached to a nitrogen containing base

A

nucleotide

28
Q

The movement of water or another solvent across the cellular membrane from an area of low solute to an area of high solute concentration

A

osmosis

29
Q

The outward physical expression of genes such as eye color

A

phenotype

30
Q

Type of stem cell that can develop into any kind of cell and ultimately will develop into the over 200 specialized cells of the adult human

A

pluripotent

31
Q

When there is more than the normal number of pairs of chromosomes in a cell

A

polyploidy

32
Q

Phase of carcinogenesis in which mutated cells are exposed to factors that promote their growth. It may occur just after initiation or years later, and it can be reversible if the promoting factors are removed.

A

promotion

33
Q

Type of stem cell that can only make a single cell type such as precursors to egg or sperm cells

A

unipotent

34
Q

A genetic disorder in which clinical manifestations vary widely among affected individuals

A

variable expressivity

Advanced Pathophysiology (3 decks)

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