Cell Division Flashcards
The movement of a substance from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, against a concentration gradient
active transport
An abnormal separation during cell division leading to too many or too few chromosomes.
aneuploidy
New blood vessels to meet the needs of a growing tumor
angiogenesis
Nitrogen bases (steps) of the nucleotide are either purine (adenine and guanine) or pyrimidine (thymine and cytosine)
base pair
Each of the separate identical copies created when chromosome replicates; they attach to each other through a centromere
chromatid
DNA is combines a wrapped around the histone proteins
chromatin
When aneuploidy only occurs in some of the body cells of the offspring, but others are normal. It can occur in many disorders such as Turners, Klinefelter, and Down Syndrome
Chromosomal mosaicism
A nucleotide in DNA
chromosomes
The movement of solutes (particles dissolved in a solvent ) from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration
Diffusion
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
Addition of a methyl group to DNA cytosine, which causes a gene to become inactive or silent, leading to inhibition of transcription
DNA methylation
The act of bringing a substance into a cell
endocytosis
Determinant of gene expression (how the genes read). These changes can determine whether a gene is on or off
epigenetic
The release of materials from a cell, usually assistance of a vesicle
exocytosis
The movement of substances from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration with the assistance of a carrier molecule
facilitated diffusion
Segments of DNA that serve as a template of protein synthesis
genes
Trait passed to offspring via chromosomes, or genes
genetic
The complete set of DNA and genes
genome
Transmitted genetic information that forms the blueprint
genotype
Proteins that basically are spools that DNA wraps itself around
histones
Term that describes autosomal dominant disorders and less commonly, autosomal recessive disorders that have a genotype, but the features of the disorder may never stop
incompetent penetrance
Exposure of a normal cell to an environmental substance or event that causes DNA damage or mutation
initiation
A representation of a person’s individual set of chromosomes
karyotype
A spreading of cancer within the body
metastasis
Noncoding proteins who’s function is decreasing mRNA translation or stability, essentially functioning as regulators. There are many types; some have oncogenic effect, leading to cancer
microRNA
Type of stem cell that can only make cells from their same germ layer
multipotent
A double helix strand made of a sugar molecule ad phosphate attached to a nitrogen containing base
nucleotide
The movement of water or another solvent across the cellular membrane from an area of low solute to an area of high solute concentration
osmosis
The outward physical expression of genes such as eye color
phenotype
Type of stem cell that can develop into any kind of cell and ultimately will develop into the over 200 specialized cells of the adult human
pluripotent
When there is more than the normal number of pairs of chromosomes in a cell
polyploidy
Phase of carcinogenesis in which mutated cells are exposed to factors that promote their growth. It may occur just after initiation or years later, and it can be reversible if the promoting factors are removed.
promotion
Type of stem cell that can only make a single cell type such as precursors to egg or sperm cells
unipotent
A genetic disorder in which clinical manifestations vary widely among affected individuals
variable expressivity
