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HMS Oncology > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

Basic cell cycle outline

A
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2
Q

Graph of Cyclin Concentration Over Time

A
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3
Q

Cyclin-CDK / Cell Cycle Overlay

A
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4
Q

Cyclin / CDK model including Cyclin C-CDK3 and Cyclin H-CDK7

A
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5
Q

Role of Cyclin C-CDK3

A

Drives re-entry from G0

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6
Q

Role of Cyclin H-CDK7-MAT1

A

Enables Cyclin B-CDK1 activity

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7
Q

Role of Cyclin D-CDK4/6

A

Activated during G1 phase of the cell cycle. The level of cyclin D-CDK activity is important in helping the cell decide whether or not to divide. The higher the level of activity, the more likely it is to divide.

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8
Q

Role of Cyclin E-CDK2

A
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9
Q

Role of Cyclin A-CDK2

A
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10
Q

Role of Cyclin A-CDK1

A
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11
Q

Role of Cyclin B-CDK1

A
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12
Q

Regulation of Cyclin-CDKs

A
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13
Q

Three mechanisms of CDK regulation

A
  1. Synthesis and degradation (E3 ubiquitination) of cyclin and CDK subunits
  2. Regulation by other protein kinases and phosphatases
  3. Inhibitors of CDK activity (INKs)
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14
Q

Coordination of Growth and Cell Cycle Progression

A
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15
Q

Relevance of integrin signaling to cell division

A
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16
Q

Rb-E2F regulation

A
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17
Q

The INKs

A
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18
Q

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic DNA replication

A
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19
Q

Segregation of Origin Assembly and DNA Replication

A
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20
Q

Prereplication Complex Regulation

A
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21
Q

The prereplication complex is activated to begin transcription by. . .

A

E or A Cyclins and associated CDKs

22
Q

Initiation of Replication

A
23
Q

Rpa

A

Binds to ssDNA during replication to prevent it from reannealing.

24
Q

Regulation of S phase replication

A
25
Q

Pol δ

A

DNA Polymerase utilized in replication

26
Q

PCNA

A

Keeps Pol δ attached to the DNA during replication

27
Q

What keeps initiation factors from binding to the new strands of DNA that are being produced during replication?

A

Phosphorylation by high levels of Cyclin E/Cyclin A-CDK complexes

28
Q

Sustained CDK activity during S phase and G2 is essential to . . .

A
  1. Promote completion of DNA replication
  2. Prevent re-initaition and re-replication of replicated DNA
29
Q

Fundamental logic of the Cyclin-CDK solution to the problem of segregating replication and initiation

A
30
Q

Mitosis imaged by fluorescence microscopy

A
31
Q

Location of the G2-M Checkpoint

A
32
Q

Wee1

A

Kinase which is activated by signaling from active DNA replication forks. Phosphorylates Cyclin B-CDK1 complexes on two N-terminal residues (Thr14, Tyr 15) which inhibits Cyclin B-CDK1 activity.

This prevents mitosis from starting until DNA replication is complete.

33
Q

Cdc25

A

Phosphatase which is activated when replication forks disappear (replication is over)

Removes the inhibitory Thr14 and Tyr15 phosphate groups on Cyclin B-CDK1, which were placed by Wee1, and allows the cell to enter mitosis.

34
Q

How Cyclin B-CDK1 breaks down the nuclear lamina

A
35
Q

Condensation of DNA for mitosis

A

This condensation is mediated by Cyclin B-CDK1

36
Q

Centromeres and Kinetochores

A
37
Q

Cohesin

A
38
Q

Cohesins are cut as part of the _____ to _____ transition.

A

Cohesins are cut as part of the metaphase to anaphase transition.

39
Q

During mitosis, the Golgi and ER. . .

A

. . .become fragmented into vesicles and are passively distributed to the two daughter cells.

40
Q

Bipolar attachment

A

Each sister chromatid in a single chromosome is attached to microtubules coming from one end of the mitotic spindle

41
Q

Metaphase-Anaphase Checkpoint Location

A
42
Q

Sequences Required for Cyclin B degradation

A
43
Q

Degron

A

Sequence that targets the protein for regulated degradation (not necessarily constitutive)

44
Q

The E3 for Cyclin B is. . .

A

APC/C

aka

Anaphase promoting complex / cyclosome

(Not to be confused with adenomatous polyposis coli, the tumor suppressor gene product, or antigen presenting cell)

45
Q

Role of Cdc20 in Cyclin B regulation

A

Cdc20 is the receptor which associates with the APC/C complex in order to target Cyclin B for degradation.

Cdc20 recognizes only phosphorylated Cyclin B, and so it will not degrade Cyclin B prior to the metaphase-anaphase transition.

46
Q

Securin

A

Inhibits separase until APC/C is activated. It senses APC/C activation because. . . it is an APC/C target!

This is how Cyclin B-CDK1 destruction is tied to the beginning of anaphase: Once APC/C is active, all of the sudden Cyclin B-CDK1 and securin are both gone.

47
Q

The Separase-Securin System

A
48
Q

_____ is what is sensed by the spindle checkpoint

A

Tension is what is sensed by the spindle checkpoint

If a chromosome is not under tension, it means is must not be attached properly, and thus the spindle checkpoint is activated.

49
Q

Drop in CDK activity at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis leads to. . .

A

. . . inactivating dephosphorylation of the proteins that form pre-replication complexes.

These will be reactivated after the G1/S transition.

50
Q

We can boil down the logic of the cell cycle to an oscillation between. . .

A

We can boil down the logic of the cell cycle to an oscillation between CDK activity and APC/C activity

HMS Oncology (11 decks)

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