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Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

Mitosis- what happens in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes move to equator. Centromeres attach to spindles.

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2
Q

Mitosis- what happens in anaphase.

A

Centromeres break

Spindles shorten pulling chromatids towards poles.

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3
Q

Mitosis- what happens in telephase?

A

Chromosomes unravel

Nuclear envelope reforms.

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4
Q

Difference in meiosis

A

Crossing over of non- sister chromatids
Independent assortment
Random segregation

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5
Q

Mitosis- what happens in prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense and become visible to avoid tangeling. Centrioles move to opposite poles.
Nuclear membrane breaks down

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6
Q

What is differentiation in basic terms?

A

The process of stem cells becoming specialised into different types of cell

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7
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells

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8
Q

Where are epithelial cells found?

A

Lining cells- inside and outside of your body.

Eg- lining of your interesting and makes up the walls of alveoli and capillaries

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9
Q

What are characteristics of epithelial cells?

A

Squamous epithelial cells are flattered

Normally have cilia

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10
Q

Adaptations of sperm cell?

A

Many mitochondria
Small long and thin
Enzymes released from acrosome- specialised lysosomes
Contains haploid male gametes and little cytoplasm

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11
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

Attracted to and traced to sites of infection by chemotaxis

Ingest bacteria and fungi by phagocytosis

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12
Q

Adaptations of Erythrocytes

A 
Very small- 7.5um diameter
Large surface area to volume ration
Biconcave shape
Developed cytoskeleton- allows to twist and turn 
Are flexible
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13
Q

Function of erythrocytes?

A

Carries oxygen from lungs to respiring tissues
Travels through narrow capillaries
Oxygen can easily diffuse through their membrane and reach all regions inside the cell

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14
Q

Steps of differentiation

A

The proportion of organelles change
The shape of the cell changes
Some of the contents of the cell changes

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15
Q

Describe epidermal tissue (4)

A

Flattened cells
Lack chloroplasts (excluding guard cells)
Protective covering over leaves stems and roots
Some have walls impreganated with a waxy substance forming a cuticle

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16
Q

Function of vascular tissue? & examples

A

Transport

Xylem and phloem

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17
Q

What does meristematic tissue contain?

A

Stem cells

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18
Q

Where is meristematic tissue found?

A

Tips of shoots and roots

And in the cambium of vascular bundles

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19
Q

What is the area where stem cells are found?

A

Meristems

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20
Q

Describe the cells in meristems (4)

A

Thin walls containing little cellulose
Do not have chloroplasts
Do not have a large vacuole
Can divide by mitosis and differentiate

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21
Q

What do plant cells develop as they mature? & why?

A

Large vacuole
Rigid cell wall
To prevent cell from dividing

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22
Q

Where do new cells arise?

A

Meristems

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23
Q

What can cambium cells differentiate into?

A

Xylem vessels or Phloem sieve tuber or companion cells

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24
Q

Describe how cambium cells differentiate into xylem vessels?

A

Lignin is deposited in the cell wall
This kills the cells
The ends of the cells break down to form continuous columns with wide lumens

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25
Describe how cambium cells differentiate into phloem sieve tubes
Sieve tubes loose most of their organelles | Sieve plates develop between them
26
Describe how cambium cells differentiate into companion cells?
Companion cells retain their organelles and continue metabolic functions to provide ATP
27
What is parenchyma?
Packing tissue | Fills spaces between other tissue
28
What does parenchyma do in 1) roots 2) leaves?
Store starch | Contains chloroplasts to photosynthesise (chlorenchyma)
29
What is parenchyma in aquatic plants?
Aerenchyma - has air spaces to keep plant buoyant
30
Describe collenchyma cells?
Have thick cellulose cell wall Strengthen vascular bundles and outer parts of stem Also allows flexibility in these regions
31
Describe sclerenchyma cells?
Have lignified walls | Strengthen stem and leaf midribs
32
Name the plant organs?
Leaf Stem Flower Roots
33
Function of leaf
Photosynthesis
34
Function of root?
Anchorage in soil Absorption of mineral ions and water Storage- carbohydrates (carrot, parsnip, dahlia and swede)
35
Function of stem
Support Hold leaves up to expose to sunlight Transportation of water, minerals and products of photosynthesis Storage of products of photosynthesis
36
Function of flower
Sexual reproduction
37
Which 3 stages create genetic variation in meiosis?
Prophase 1- Chiasma Metaphase 1- independent assortment Metaphase 2- independent assortment Anaphase 2- random segregation
38
What happens in Prophase 1 - meiosis
Chromosomes condense Nuclear envelope breaks down Chromosomes come together in homologous pairs Non sister chromatids cross over and swap sections- allele shuffling
39
What happens in metaphase 1- meiosis?
Line up at the equator randomly Independent assortment Spindles attach to centromeres
40
What happens in Anaphase 1 - meiosis?
Chromosomes pulled apart by motor proteins Centromeres do not divide Crossed over areas separate
41
What happens at telophase 1- meiosis?
Two new nuclear envelopes form Cell divides by cytokinesis Short interphase
42
Difference with plant cells during meiosis?
Plants- The cell goes straight anaphase 1 into prophase 2. Animals- two cells divide to give 4 haploid gametes Plants- tetrad of 4 haploid gametes is formed
43
What happens during the short interphase?
Chromosomes uncoil
44
What happens in cytokinesis?
Cell splits in two Each cell contains a nucleus Two daughter cells are formed
45
Difference between animal and plant cells in cytokinesis?
Animal- cell folds inwards and "nips in" the cytoplasm | Plant- end plate forms where the equator of the spindle was, new plasma membrane and cellulose cell wall are laid here.
46
What happens in prophase 2?
Nuclear envelope breaks down Chromosomes coil and condense- consisting of 2 chromatids Spindles form
47
What happens in metaphase 2?
Independent assortment along equator Centromeres attach to spindle Chromosomes mutate
48
What happens in anaphase 2?
Random segregation Centromeres divide Chromatids pulled apart by spindles to opposite poles
49
What happens in telophase 2?
Nuclear envelopes form around each haploid nuclei
50
Purpose of checkpoints?
To prevent uncontrolled division. | To detect and repair damage to DNA
51
What happens in M phase?
Cell growth stops Division Cytokinesis
52
What is G0 phase?
Resting phase Apoptosis Differentiation Epithelial cells lining the gut do not have this phase
53
G1 phase
``` Cells grow Transcription Organelles duplicate Protein synthesis P53 gene controls this ```
54
S phase?
Cell is now committed DNA replication Rapid phase
55
G2 phase?
Special chemicals ensure | Cells grow
56
Layers of leaf cells?
``` Cuticle Upper epidermis Palisade mesophyll cell Lower epidermis Stomata ```
57
What are cilia?
Hair like projections which beat and propel substances along epithelium. Can act as receptors
58
What are microvilli?
Extension of the plasma membrane to increase surface area.
59
What is epithelial tissue?
Covers and lines free surfaces such as guy, airways and blood vessels
60
What is connective tissue?
A widely distributed tissue consisting of an extracellular matrix containing proteins and polysaccharides
61
What is cartilage?
Form of connective tissue. Has 3 types
62
What is muscular tissue?
Highly cellular and well vascularised tissues responsible for movement
63
Characteristics of epithelial tissue?
Cells are close together and form continuous sheets. No blood vessels within Can have smooth surfaces or cilia/ microvilli Short cell cycle
64
Examples of cartilage tissue?
Hyaline Fibrous Elastic
65
Describe hyaline?
Forms embryonic skeleton, joins ribs to sternum, found in nose, trachea and larynx
66
Describe fibrous cartilage?
Occurs in discs between vertebrae and knee joint
67
Describe elastic cartilage?
Makes up outer ear and epiglottis
68
3 types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal muscles- attached by tendons for bone movement Cardiac muscle- walls of heart Smooth muscle- walls of intestine, blood vessels and urinary tract
69
Transcription steps.
``` DNA unwinds and unzips Hydrogen bonds break RNA polymerase catalyses the formation of temporary hydrogen bonds between base pairs Coding strand is made- T replaced by U Passes through nuclear pore ```
70
Translation steps?
mRNA enters cytoplasm and attaches to ribosome Ribosome reads order of codons. tRNA bring amino acids and anticodons attach to complementary codons on mRNA strand. Triplet code determines specific amino acid. Peptide bond forms between adjacent amino acids. ATP is required.
71
Function of Motor proteins?
Walk along tubulin threads pulling chromosomes to opposite poles

Biology (17 decks)

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