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Biology > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mitosis- what happens in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes move to equator. Centromeres attach to spindles.

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2
Q

Mitosis- what happens in anaphase.

A

Centromeres break

Spindles shorten pulling chromatids towards poles.

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3
Q

Mitosis- what happens in telephase?

A

Chromosomes unravel

Nuclear envelope reforms.

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4
Q

Difference in meiosis

A

Crossing over of non- sister chromatids
Independent assortment
Random segregation

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5
Q

Mitosis- what happens in prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense and become visible to avoid tangeling. Centrioles move to opposite poles.
Nuclear membrane breaks down

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6
Q

What is differentiation in basic terms?

A

The process of stem cells becoming specialised into different types of cell

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7
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells

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8
Q

Where are epithelial cells found?

A

Lining cells- inside and outside of your body.

Eg- lining of your interesting and makes up the walls of alveoli and capillaries

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9
Q

What are characteristics of epithelial cells?

A

Squamous epithelial cells are flattered

Normally have cilia

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10
Q

Adaptations of sperm cell?

A

Many mitochondria
Small long and thin
Enzymes released from acrosome- specialised lysosomes
Contains haploid male gametes and little cytoplasm

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11
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

Attracted to and traced to sites of infection by chemotaxis

Ingest bacteria and fungi by phagocytosis

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12
Q

Adaptations of Erythrocytes

A 
Very small- 7.5um diameter
Large surface area to volume ration
Biconcave shape
Developed cytoskeleton- allows to twist and turn 
Are flexible
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13
Q

Function of erythrocytes?

A

Carries oxygen from lungs to respiring tissues
Travels through narrow capillaries
Oxygen can easily diffuse through their membrane and reach all regions inside the cell

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14
Q

Steps of differentiation

A

The proportion of organelles change
The shape of the cell changes
Some of the contents of the cell changes

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15
Q

Describe epidermal tissue (4)

A

Flattened cells
Lack chloroplasts (excluding guard cells)
Protective covering over leaves stems and roots
Some have walls impreganated with a waxy substance forming a cuticle

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16
Q

Function of vascular tissue? & examples

A

Transport

Xylem and phloem

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17
Q

What does meristematic tissue contain?

A

Stem cells

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18
Q

Where is meristematic tissue found?

A

Tips of shoots and roots

And in the cambium of vascular bundles

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19
Q

What is the area where stem cells are found?

A

Meristems

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20
Q

Describe the cells in meristems (4)

A

Thin walls containing little cellulose
Do not have chloroplasts
Do not have a large vacuole
Can divide by mitosis and differentiate

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21
Q

What do plant cells develop as they mature? & why?

A

Large vacuole
Rigid cell wall
To prevent cell from dividing

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22
Q

Where do new cells arise?

A

Meristems

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23
Q

What can cambium cells differentiate into?

A

Xylem vessels or Phloem sieve tuber or companion cells

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24
Q

Describe how cambium cells differentiate into xylem vessels?

A

Lignin is deposited in the cell wall
This kills the cells
The ends of the cells break down to form continuous columns with wide lumens

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25
Q

Describe how cambium cells differentiate into phloem sieve tubes

A

Sieve tubes loose most of their organelles

Sieve plates develop between them

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26
Q

Describe how cambium cells differentiate into companion cells?

A

Companion cells retain their organelles and continue metabolic functions to provide ATP

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27
Q

What is parenchyma?

A

Packing tissue

Fills spaces between other tissue

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28
Q

What does parenchyma do in 1) roots 2) leaves?

A

Store starch

Contains chloroplasts to photosynthesise (chlorenchyma)

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29
Q

What is parenchyma in aquatic plants?

A

Aerenchyma - has air spaces to keep plant buoyant

30
Q

Describe collenchyma cells?

A

Have thick cellulose cell wall
Strengthen vascular bundles and outer parts of stem
Also allows flexibility in these regions

31
Q

Describe sclerenchyma cells?

A

Have lignified walls

Strengthen stem and leaf midribs

32
Q

Name the plant organs?

A

Leaf
Stem
Flower
Roots

33
Q

Function of leaf

A

Photosynthesis

34
Q

Function of root?

A

Anchorage in soil
Absorption of mineral ions and water
Storage- carbohydrates (carrot, parsnip, dahlia and swede)

35
Q

Function of stem

A

Support
Hold leaves up to expose to sunlight
Transportation of water, minerals and products of photosynthesis
Storage of products of photosynthesis

36
Q

Function of flower

A

Sexual reproduction

37
Q

Which 3 stages create genetic variation in meiosis?

A

Prophase 1- Chiasma
Metaphase 1- independent assortment
Metaphase 2- independent assortment
Anaphase 2- random segregation

38
Q

What happens in Prophase 1 - meiosis

A

Chromosomes condense
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Chromosomes come together in homologous pairs
Non sister chromatids cross over and swap sections- allele shuffling

39
Q

What happens in metaphase 1- meiosis?

A

Line up at the equator randomly
Independent assortment
Spindles attach to centromeres

40
Q

What happens in Anaphase 1 - meiosis?

A

Chromosomes pulled apart by motor proteins
Centromeres do not divide
Crossed over areas separate

41
Q

What happens at telophase 1- meiosis?

A

Two new nuclear envelopes form
Cell divides by cytokinesis
Short interphase

42
Q

Difference with plant cells during meiosis?

A

Plants- The cell goes straight anaphase 1 into prophase 2.
Animals- two cells divide to give 4 haploid gametes
Plants- tetrad of 4 haploid gametes is formed

43
Q

What happens during the short interphase?

A

Chromosomes uncoil

44
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

Cell splits in two
Each cell contains a nucleus
Two daughter cells are formed

45
Q

Difference between animal and plant cells in cytokinesis?

A

Animal- cell folds inwards and “nips in” the cytoplasm

Plant- end plate forms where the equator of the spindle was, new plasma membrane and cellulose cell wall are laid here.

46
Q

What happens in prophase 2?

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down
Chromosomes coil and condense- consisting of 2 chromatids
Spindles form

47
Q

What happens in metaphase 2?

A

Independent assortment along equator
Centromeres attach to spindle
Chromosomes mutate

48
Q

What happens in anaphase 2?

A

Random segregation
Centromeres divide
Chromatids pulled apart by spindles to opposite poles

49
Q

What happens in telophase 2?

A

Nuclear envelopes form around each haploid nuclei

50
Q

Purpose of checkpoints?

A

To prevent uncontrolled division.

To detect and repair damage to DNA

51
Q

What happens in M phase?

A

Cell growth stops
Division
Cytokinesis

52
Q

What is G0 phase?

A

Resting phase
Apoptosis
Differentiation
Epithelial cells lining the gut do not have this phase

53
Q

G1 phase

A 
Cells grow 
Transcription 
Organelles duplicate 
Protein synthesis 
P53 gene controls this
54
Q

S phase?

A

Cell is now committed
DNA replication
Rapid phase

55
Q

G2 phase?

A

Special chemicals ensure

Cells grow

56
Q

Layers of leaf cells?

A 
Cuticle
Upper epidermis
Palisade mesophyll cell
Lower epidermis 
Stomata
57
Q

What are cilia?

A

Hair like projections which beat and propel substances along epithelium. Can act as receptors

58
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Extension of the plasma membrane to increase surface area.

59
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Covers and lines free surfaces such as guy, airways and blood vessels

60
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

A widely distributed tissue consisting of an extracellular matrix containing proteins and polysaccharides

61
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Form of connective tissue. Has 3 types

62
Q

What is muscular tissue?

A

Highly cellular and well vascularised tissues responsible for movement

63
Q

Characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

Cells are close together and form continuous sheets.
No blood vessels within
Can have smooth surfaces or cilia/ microvilli
Short cell cycle

64
Q

Examples of cartilage tissue?

A

Hyaline
Fibrous
Elastic

65
Q

Describe hyaline?

A

Forms embryonic skeleton, joins ribs to sternum, found in nose, trachea and larynx

66
Q

Describe fibrous cartilage?

A

Occurs in discs between vertebrae and knee joint

67
Q

Describe elastic cartilage?

A

Makes up outer ear and epiglottis

68
Q

3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal muscles- attached by tendons for bone movement
Cardiac muscle- walls of heart
Smooth muscle- walls of intestine, blood vessels and urinary tract

69
Q

Transcription steps.

A 
DNA unwinds and unzips 
Hydrogen bonds break
RNA polymerase catalyses the formation of temporary hydrogen bonds between base pairs 
Coding strand is made- T replaced by U
Passes through nuclear pore
70
Q

Translation steps?

A

mRNA enters cytoplasm and attaches to ribosome
Ribosome reads order of codons.
tRNA bring amino acids and anticodons attach to complementary codons on mRNA strand.
Triplet code determines specific amino acid. Peptide bond forms between adjacent amino acids. ATP is required.

71
Q

Function of Motor proteins?

A

Walk along tubulin threads pulling chromosomes to opposite poles

Biology (17 decks)

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