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Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A weak interaction that can occur whenever molecules contain a slightly positive charged atom bonded to a slightly negative charged atom.

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2
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

A reaction that occurs when a molecule is split into two smaller molecules with the addition of water.

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3
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A small molecule which binds to many other identical molecules to form a polymer.

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4
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A large molecule made up of monomers.

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5
Q

Why is a water molecule polar?

A

oxygen has a greater number of positive protons in its nucleus so that it exerts a greater attraction for shared electrons making it slightly negative and the hydrogen atoms become slightly positive

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6
Q

Why is a hydrogen bond weaker than a covalent bond?

A

A hydrogen bond is a weak interaction between slightly positive and slightly negative molecules whereas covalent bonds are the sharing of electrons to gain a full outer shell.

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7
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

A group of molecules containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

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8
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

A reaction that occurs when two molecules join together with the removal of water.

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9
Q

What is a glycosidic bond?

A

A bond formed between two monosaccharides by a hydrolysis reaction.

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10
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

To act as a source of energy(glucose), a store of energy(starch and glycogen), and as structural units(cellulose in plants).

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11
Q

What are the three main groups of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.

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12
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

The simplest carbohydrates. Good source of energy because of large number a carbon to hydrogen bonds. Soluble in water and insoluble in non- polar solvents.

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13
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Sweet and soluble.

Most common is maltose.

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14
Q

Give an example of a reducing sugar?

A

Maltose and lactose.

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15
Q

Give an example of a non-reducing sugar?

A

Sucrose.

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16
Q

How are disaccharides made?

A

When two monosaccharides join.

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17
Q

What makes maltose?

A

Alpha-glucose + alpha-glucose.

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18
Q

What makes sucrose?

A

Alpha-glucose + fructose.

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19
Q

What makes lactose?

A

Beta-galactose + alpha-glucose.

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20
Q

What makes cellobiose?

A

Beta-glucose + beta-glucose.

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21
Q

What happens when monosaccharides join.

A

A condensation reaction and a glycosidic reaction.

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22
Q

What does a hydrolysis reaction do?

A

Breaks disaccharides into monosaccharides.

23
Q

What is the bond joined to the top carbon bond in glucose?

A

CH2OH

24
Q

What is the molecular formula of sugars?

A

CnH2nCn

25
Q

Difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose

A

The OH and H are swapped round

26
Q

Molecular formula of Ribose

A

C5 H10 O5

27
Q

Molecular formula of deoxyribose

A

C5 H10 O4

28
Q

Carbohydrate monomer?

A

Monosaccharides- glucose

29
Q

Carbohydrate polymer?

A

Polysaccharides- starch

30
Q

Difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A

In Alpha glucose the H is above the OH

31
Q

Difference between ribose and deoxyribose?

A

Ribose is bonded down to two OH’s

32
Q

Molecular formula of glucose?

A

C6H12O6

33
Q

Alpha glucose role in the body?

A

Energy source
Component of starch and glycogen
Energy stores

34
Q

Role in the body of beta glucose?

A

Energy source

Component of cellulose

35
Q

Role in the body of ribose?

A

Component of RNA and ATP

36
Q

Role in the body of deoxyribose?

A

Component of DNA

37
Q

Example of non-reducing sugar?

A

Sucrose

38
Q

How to calculate Rf value?

A

Distance travelled by dye over distance travelled by solvent

39
Q

What are the main polysaccharides?

A

Glycogen, starch and cellulose

40
Q

Describe glycogen?

A 
Compact- doesn't occupy a large space
In animals 
Branched- 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bond 
Occur in dense granules 
Less soluble in water
41
Q

Describe starch?

A

Compact

Occurs in granules within a cell

42
Q

Describe amylose?

A 
Unbranched chain 
Alpha glucose molecules (chain) 
1/4 glycosidic bonds 
Spiral shape held with H bonds 
Less soluble
43
Q

Amylopectin description?

A

Branched chain
More compact- hydrolysed more easily
Spiral shape held by hydrogen bonds
1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

44
Q

Describe cellulose?

A

Found in plant cell walls
Tough, insoluble and fibrous
Made form long chains of beta glucose molecules
Chains lie straight rather than spiralling

45
Q

How are the cellulose chains straight?

A

Hydrogen and hydroxyl groups on carbon 1 are inverted

The beta glucose molecules in the chain are rotated by 180 degrees. The beta 1,4 glycosidic bond prevent spiralling.

46
Q

Describe microfibrils?

A 
60-70 cellulose chains bonded together. 
10-30 nm in diameter
Bundle together to form macrofibrils 
Run in all directions and criss-cross
Numerous hydrogen bonds between chains
47
Q

Properties of cellulose?

A

High tensile strength
Difficult to digest
Permeable for water molecules and ions

48
Q

Roles of calcium?

A 
Bone and teeth rigidity
Blood clotting and muscle contraction
Activator for enzymes 
Regulates permeability of cell membranes 
Cell wall development
49
Q

Functions of hydrogen?

A

Involved in photosynthesis and respiration

Involved in transport of co2 in the blood

50
Q

Reducing sugars test?

A

Heat with Benedicts solution- copper sulphate
Blue- green- yellow- orange/red
Forms a precipitate

51
Q

Non- reducing sugar test?

A

First test for reducing sugars
Separate sample- boil with hydrochloric acid
Cool and neutralise with hydrogencarbonate
Test for reducing sugar again
Green- yellow- orange- red

52
Q

Apparatus to be used in qualitative tests?

A

Spotting tile
Calibration chart
Colorimeter
Biosensors

53
Q

Test for starch?

A

Spotting tile
Add iodine
Yellow/brown to blue/black

Biology (17 decks)

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