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Biology > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a habitat?

A

The place when individuals in a species live.

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2
Q

What is habitat biodiversity?

A

The range of habitats in which different species live.

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3
Q

Example of habitats?

A 
Sand dunes
Woodland 
Meadows 
Streams
Lawns
Ponds
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4
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of organisms that can freely interbreed to produce fertile off spring.

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5
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

A measure of all plant, animal, fungus and microorganism species worldwide, the genes they contain and ecosystems they form a part of.

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6
Q

What is species richness?

A

A measure of how many different species are present.

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7
Q

What is species evenness?

A

A measure of how evenly represented the species are.

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8
Q

What is genetic biodiversity?

A

The variation between individuals belonging to the same species.

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9
Q

Why do we have genetic biodiversity?

A

To ensure that individuals within a species do not look identical.
To create breeds within a species

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10
Q

What is a sample?

A

A small portion of habitat to study carefully. Then multiply to estimate the species in the whole habitat.

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of sampling?

A

Random and non-random

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of non-random sampling

A

Stratified, systematic and opportunistic

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13
Q

How can random sampling be carried out?

A

Before you visit the site you can randomly generate numbers as coordinates

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14
Q

What is the advantage of random sampling?

A

Ensures that data is not biased by selective sampling.

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15
Q

What are the disadvantages of random sampling?

A

May not cover areas of habitat equally.

Species with a low presence may be missed?

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16
Q

How can opportunistic sampling be carried out?

A

When the researcher makes sampling decisions based on prior knowledge. The researcher may pick an area they know contains a particular species.

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17
Q

Advantages of opportunistic sampling?

A

Easier and quicker than random sampling

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18
Q

Disadvantages of opportunistic sampling?

A

Data may be biased.

Researcher may purposely select areas with a large presence of large or colourful organisms.

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19
Q

How is stratified sampling carried out?

A

Dividing a habitat into areas which appear different.

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20
Q

Advantages of stratified sampling?

A

Ensures that all different areas of a habitat are sampled.

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21
Q

Disadvantages of stratified sampling?

A

This may lead to over representation of some areas in the sample

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22
Q

How is systematic sampling carried out?

A

Samples are taken at fixed intervals along a transect.

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23
Q

Advantages of systematic sampling?

A

Useful to show a correlation between species and an environmental factor. ie distance from pond

24
Q

Disadvantages of systematic sampling?

A

Only species along the transect can be recorded. Other species may be missed.

25
Q

Why is it difficult to count animals?

A

Larger animals may hide

Smaller animals move too quickly to count

26
Q

How can you not the presence of larger animals?

A 
Footprints
Droppings 
Olds deposit pellets of undigested food
Rabbits - burrows 
Deer damage of the bark
27
Q

How to plan to prepare for any fieldwork?

A 
Suitable clothing 
Suitable footwear 
Apparatus needed
Clipboard, pen and paper
Appropriate keys to identify plants
Camera or smartphone to record specimens
28
Q

Factors that affect biodiversity?

A

Human Population growth
Agriculture
Climate change
Extinction

29
Q

What things do humans do to reduce biodiversity?

A

Habitat destruction
Pollute the atmosphere
Use up earths resources

30
Q

What parts of agriculture decrease biodiversity?

A

Selective breeding
Clearing of natural vegetation
Monocultures

31
Q

What is a monoculture?

A

A crop consisting of one strain of the species- limited genetic biodiversity

32
Q

Describe selective breeding?

A

Farmers selecting particular traits, and breed the individuals with these characteristics and other characteristics are ignored- reduces genetic diversity of species

33
Q

Term for a loss of genetic diversity?

A

Genetic erosion

34
Q

Why is climate change a problem for species?

A

They are less able to adapt to new conditions.

Forced migration to climate patterns they are most suited to.

35
Q

What are the obstructions for migration?

A

Human developments
Agricultural land
Large bodies of water
Mountain ranges

36
Q

When does extinction occur?

A

When the last living member of a species dies and the species ceases to exist.

37
Q

What is climate change?

A

Significant, long lasting changes in weather patterns

38
Q

What is a keystone species?

A

One that has a disproportionate effect upon its environment relative to its abundance

39
Q

What is soil depletion?

A

The loss of soil fertility caused by removal of minerals by continuous cropping

40
Q

Ecological reason to maintain biodiversity?

A

Species decline will have a knock on effect to other species- food chains. Eg- insects decline, bird numbers will also

41
Q

Example of keystone species?

A

Predators- limit herbivores to avoid overgrazing
Maple tree- has deep roots to transfer water to shallower soil
Beaver- builds dams which can flood areas and create wetland habitats

42
Q

Reasons to maintain biodiversity?

A

Ecological
Genetic resource
Economic
Aesthetic

43
Q

Why is genetic resource important?

A

Genetic engineering

Medicine and vaccine development

44
Q

Economic reasons to maintain biodiversity?

A 
Regulation of the atmosphere and climate
Purification of water
Fertilisation of soil
Recycling of nutrients 
Recycling of waste
Crop pollination 
Growth of timber
Medicine development
45
Q

What causes soil depletion?

A

Soils that are subjected to continuous Monocultures becoming less and less fertile. As the crop takes minerals from the soil.

46
Q

Describe the aesthetic reasons to maintain biodiversity.

A

Natural variation is said to be important for our well being and can also link to patients recovering quicker.

47
Q

Two types of conservation?

A

In situ and ex situ

48
Q

What is in situ conservation?

A

Carrying out active management to conserve species in their natural habitat

49
Q

What does conservation in situ involve?

A

Attempting to minimise the human impact on the natural environment and protecting the natural environment

50
Q

Different types of in situ conservation?

A

Legislation
Wildlife reserves
Repopulation

51
Q

Describe legislation?

A

Stop hunting, logging and clearing land for development or agriculture.

52
Q

Why is legislation difficult?

A

Difficult to persuade some countries.

53
Q

Describe wildlife reserves?

A

Designated areas established for the conservation of habitats and species.

54
Q

What are the principles for choosing a wildlife reserve?

A

Comprehensiveness
Adequacy
Representativeness

55
Q

How can wildlife reserves cause conflict?

A

Protected animals raid crops
People hunt protected animals for food
Illegal harvesting of timber
Tourist feeding protected animals or leaving litter

56
Q

Examples of wildlife reserves in the UK?

A 
National parks 
National nature reserves 
Sites of Special Scientific interest 
Local nature reserves 
Marine conservation zones
57
Q

Advantages of in situ conservations?

A

Conserved in natural environment.

Biology (17 decks)

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