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Biology Year 12 > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the phases of mitosis

A

G1 interphase from 1/2 o’clock to 5/7 o’clock
S 5/8 to 9 o’clock
G2 9 to 11 o’clock
Mitosis (nuclear division) 11to 12 o’clock

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2
Q

What happens In G1 phase of mitosis

A

Organelles are synthesized and biochemicals produced, cell leaves cell cycle
G1 checkpoint checks for cell size

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3
Q

What happens during the S phase of mitosis

A

Synthesis phase- dna is replicated by semi-conservative replication

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4
Q

What happens during G2 phase of mitosis

A

Second growth phase- energy stores are increased, make new organelles, G2 checkpoint checks for dna replication

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5
Q

What phases are there during mitosis/ nuclear division phase

A

Prophase: chromosomes become visible, shorten and thicken. Spindle develops. Nuclear envelope disintegrates

Metaphase: chromosomes are arranged on the equator

Anaphase: chromosomes migrate to opposite poles

Telophase: spindle disintegrates, nuclear envelope develops

Cell divisions 1 to 2 o’clock: cell divides by construction in animal cells and cell plate formation in plants

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6
Q

What do cycling and cyclin-dependent kimases do

A

Control the checkpoints (G1 and G2)

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7
Q

State what is produced during
A: the g1 phase of interphase
B: the S phase of interphase (3 marks)

A

A: Organelles [1] (named) biochemicals [1]
B: DNA[1]

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8
Q

Explain the importance of checkpoints during cell cycle (3 marks)

A

The timing of each step in cell cycle is crucial [1] checkpoints regulate sequence of events in the cycle [1] the cycle will be halted if errors are detected [1]

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9
Q

How many daughter cells do mitosis produce and are they identical

A

2 identical daughter cells

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10
Q

Why are genetically identical cells important

A

Growth
Repair (of damaged cells)
Replacement (of cells, eg RBC, that have limited lifespans)
Asexual reproduction (in eukaryotes)

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11
Q

Describe the interphase of mitosis

A

Dna replicates, has 2 copies of all its genetic material

One chromosome, 1 chromatid (before replication)
1 chromosome, 2 chromatids (after replication)

Chromatic held by centromere

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12
Q

Describe the prophase of mitosis

A

Chromatin (comprising of DNA and histone proteins) condenses, chromosomes become visible
Nucleolus disappears
Centrioles move to the poles of the cell
Nuclear envelope break down (towards end of prophase)

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13
Q

Describe what happens during the metaphase of mitosis

A

Spindle Fibres (organized by centrioles) attach to centromeres (towards end of prophase/start of metaphase)
Chromosomes line up along the center (equator) of the cell

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14
Q

Describe what happens in the anaphase of mitosis

A

Spindle Fibres shorten
Centromeres divide
Chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite poles of the cell

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15
Q

Describe what happens during the telophase of mitosis

A

Chromatids are at the poles if the cell (can be referred to as daughter chromosome)
Nuclear envelope reform around each set of chromosomes
Chromosomes uncoil (and no longer visible)
Cell division (cytokinesis) begins

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16
Q

What happens during cytokinesis

A

Division of a cell
Begins in telophase, results in 2 genetically identical cells, each receives half of organelles and cytoplasm

17
Q

What happens in animals and plants during cytokinesis

A

Animals: a cleavage forms (ie cell surface membrane pulled together by cytoskeleton)

Plants: cell wall prevent cleavage furrows, 2 identical daughter cells separated by new cell wall production down center of original cell

18
Q

What is the order of stages In meiosis

A

Prophase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 1
Prophase 2
Metaphase 2
Anaphase 2
Telophase 2

19
Q

What happens during prophase metaphase anaphase and telophase 1

A

Prophase 1: nuclear envelope disintegrates, spindles form, chromosome condense. Homologous chromosomes pair up, crossing over

Metaphase 1: homologous pairs (bivalents) line up at cell equator, independent assortment of chromosomes

Anaphase 1: homologous chromosome pairs are separated- sister chromatid both remain attached to centromeres

Telophase 1: chromosomes assemble at either pole. Cytokinesis- 2 haploid cells formed

20
Q

What happens during meiosis II

A

Prophase 2: chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle forms

Metaphase 2: chromosomes line up at equator. Independent assortment of chromatids

Anaphase 2: random segregation of chromatids

Telophase 2: chromatids assemble at poles. Cytokinesis- 4 haploid daughter cells formed

Biology Year 12 (7 decks)

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