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Biology Year 12 > Animal Transport ✅ > Flashcards

Animal Transport ✅ Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do multicellular organisms usually need circulatory systems

A

Low sa:v ratio

Very active high metabolic demand

Bigger organisms are more specialized:blood Carrie’s hormones and enzymes

Blood Carries food molecules

Blood removes waste products

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2
Q

What are the 3 requirements of a circulatory system

A

A liquid transport medium
Vessels to carry medium
A pump to push fluid around under pressure

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3
Q

Description of single circulatory system and exanples

A

Blood passes through the heart once per circulation
Fish, annelid worms

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4
Q

Description of double circulatory system and examples

A

Two circuits: blood is pumped to the lungs and returns to the heart carrying oxygen. Blood then pumped to body tissues before returning to the heart

Birds, mammals

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5
Q

Number of heart chambers, number of times blood travels through heart per circuit, systemic pressure for single and double circulation

A

Single: 2 chambers, 7 times blood travels through heart, low pressure

Double: 4 chambers, 2 times blood travels through heart, high pressure

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6
Q

What tissues are present in walls of arteries and veins

A

Collegen
Smooth muscle, elastic Fibres
Endothelium

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7
Q

List features of arteries

A

Direction of blood flow: away from heart
Blood oxygenation: oxygenated
Pressure:high
Pulse:yes
Thickness of muscle and elastic Fibres: thicker
Diameter of lumen: smaller
Valves: no

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8
Q

Feature of veins

A

Directions of blood flow: towards heart
Blood oxygenation: deoxygenated
Pressure: lower
Pulse: none
Thickness of muscle and elastic Fibres: thinner
Diameter of lumen: wider
Valves: yes

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9
Q

How do valves work

A

Prevent back flow
Large valves: have active muscles to move blood
Breathing movement: aids the movement of blood

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10
Q

Why do only veins have valves

A

Arteries have high blood pressure, veins don’t do need to stop back flow

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11
Q

What is blood veins is also assisted by

A

Muscular valves

Breathing movement+ muscle movement

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12
Q

For arteries, typical diameter,relative proportions of tissues, key features and explanations of them

A

Diameter:0.5cm
Proportions: elastin and smooth muscle high, collagen low
Key features: High proportion of elastic tissue to stretch and recoil which prevents ruptured when hearts pump

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13
Q

For arterioles, typical diameter,relative proportions of tissues, key features and explanations of them

A

Diameter:50 micrometer
Relative proportions, elastin, collagen=low, smooth muscle= moderately low
Key features: small muscle, to contracts to narrow the lumen (vasoconstriction) and relax (vasodilation, controls where blood flows

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14
Q

For capillaries , typical diameter,relative proportions of tissues, key features and explanations of them

A

Diameter:10 micrometers
Relative proportion: none
Key features: thin walls (single layer of flattened endothelial cells, with gaps),permeable wall to enable diffusion of particles into tissue fluid

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15
Q

For venules, typical diameter,relative proportions of tissues, key features and explanations of them

A

Diameter:100micrometer
Relative proportion: very little elastin or smooth muscle, moderately small collagen
Key features: thin walls (compared to veins), some permeability is retained, allowing continued diffusion of some particles across the wall

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16
Q

For veins, typical diameter,relative proportions of tissues, key features and explanations of them

A

Diameter:1cm
Relative proportion: very little elastin, little smooth muscles, moderately small collagen
Key features: wide lumen valves in most veins, smooth blood flow at low pressure, bavk flow of blood is prevented

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17
Q

How is tissue fluid formed

A

Water diffuses out of blood capillaries, carrying dissolved splits across capillary wall

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18
Q

In tissue fluid what is the water potential and pressure

A

Water potential always higher in tissue fluid and osmotic pressure, hydrostatic pressure changes along the length of the capillary

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19
Q

At the arterial and venous end of the capillary what is the hydrostatic pressure

A

Arterial end: pressure is high, outweighs water potential and water diffuses our

Venous end: pressure of blood is too low to outweigh higher water potential, water diffuses back into capillary

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20
Q

Cells are bathed in tissue fluid, this enables what exchange of materials

A

Oxygen and nutrients enter cell, waste products leave, molecules such as hormones can also move between tissue fluid and cell

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21
Q

Some tissue fluid (10%) drains into lymphatic system rather then re-entering the blood what happens

A

Lymph fluid passes through lymph vessels, via lymph nodes, before returning to the bloodstream

22
Q

What is function and composition of blood

A

Functions: transport to and from tissues, plays a role in temperature regulation and as a ph buffer)

Compositions: 55%plasma (water+solutes), 45%cells (white, erythrocytes, leukocytes) and platelets

23
Q

What is function and composition of tissue fluid

A

Functions: bathes cells, and the exchanges materials with them

Compositions: few cells (which remain in the blood) other then some phagocytes, less solute then blood as many substances diffuse into cells; no plasma proteins

24
Q

What is function and composition of lymph

A

Functions: important part of immune system (phagocytes in lymph nodes ingest bacteria)

Compositions: similar to tissue fluid, but with less oxygen and nutrients, greater proportion of fatty acids, large number of leukocytes

25
Q

What is the Bohr effect

A

O2 released from haemoglobin more easily when CO2 partial pressure (concentration) increases. CO2 is produced in respirating tissues, this means O2 will tend to be released where it is required, within respiring tissues, conversely CO2, concentration in lungs is low, which means more O2 binds more readily to haemoglobin in pulmonary capillaries

26
Q

Fetal haemoglobin compared to adults

A

Fetal has a greater affinity for O2 then adult, this is important because it enables oxygen to be transferred from mother haemoglobin to a fetus’s haemoglobin in placenta

27
Q

In right atrium where does blood flow from when it enters and where does blood flow to when it leaves

A

From: deoxygenated blood from the vena cava
To: right ventricle

28
Q

In right ventricle where does blood flow from when it enters and where does blood flow to when it leaves

A

From: right atrium (through atrioventricular valve)
To: pulmonary arteries (through semilunar valves)

29
Q

In left atrium where does blood flow from when it enters and where does blood flow to when it leaves

A

From: oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins
To: left ventricle

30
Q

In left ventricle where does blood flow from when it enters and where does blood flow to when it leaves

A

From: left atrium (through atrioventricular valve)
To: aorta ( through semilunar valve)

31
Q

Where is the atrioventricular valve

A

Between right atrium and right ventricle (opposite for left side)

32
Q

Where is semilunar valves

A

Between right ventricle into pulmonary artery (opposite for left side)

33
Q

What happens during diastole

A

Blood enters atria and ventricles from pulmonary veins and vena cava
Left and right atrioventricular valves open
Relaxation of ventricles draws blood from atria

Atria are relaxed and fill with blood, ventricles are also relaxed

34
Q

What happens during atrial systole

A

Atria contract to push remaining blood into ventricles
Semilunar valves closed
Left and right atrioventricular valves open
Blood pumped from atria to ventricles

Atria contact, pushing blood into the ventricles. ventricles remain relaxed

35
Q

What happens during ventricular systole

A

Blood pumped into pulmonary arteries and aorta
Semilunar valves open
Left and right atrioventricular valves closed
Ventricles contact

Aria relax, ventricle contract, pushing blood away frm heart through pulmonary arteries and aorta

36
Q

What is the sink atrial mode where is it located

A

Heart’s pacemakers, initiates a wave of electrical excitation
Right atrium

37
Q

After SAN initiates a wave what happens

A

Atria stimulated to contract (atrial systole)
Electrical impulse reaches the Atrio Ventricular node
After a delay, electrical activity passes down the bundle of His
Ventricles contract from the apex (ventricular systole)

38
Q

What is bradycardia

A

Slow heart rate below 60bpm

39
Q

What is tachycardia

A

Fast heart rate above 100bom

40
Q

What is atrial fibrillation

A

A common abnormal heart rhythm

41
Q

What is ectopic heartbeat

A

Irregular heartbeats

42
Q

What is an open circulatory system

A

Few vessels, the transport medium (haemolymph) is pumped from heart into body cavity (haemocoel)

Eg arthropods

43
Q

What is a closed circulatory system

A

Transport medium (blood) is inclosed in vessels

44
Q

Flatworms lack a specialized circulatory system, as their name suggest these animals have flattened body shapes. State and explain how nutrients and respiratory gases are transported in flatworms (2 marks)

A

Diffusion (1) because of flatworms high SA:V ratio

45
Q

Explain the advantages of a closed circulatory system over an open circulatory system (3 marks)

A

Blood pressure maintained (1) oxygenated and deoxygenated blood does not mix (1) lower volumes of transport fluid (blood) required (1) blood supply to different tissues can be varied depending on demand (1) delivery of oxygen and nutrients is more efficient (1)

46
Q

Fish possess closed single circulatory systems, but they are able to maintain high activity levels compared to other species with this type of system. Suggest why fish can be relatively active despite their single circulatory systems (3 marks)

A

Countercurrent gaseous exchange in gills (1) improves the efficiency of O2 delivery to respiring tissues (1) bosh weight is supported in water (1) fish do not need to maintain their body temp (1) therefore metabolic demands are relatively low

47
Q

Explain how the structure of capillaries is suited to their function (3 marks)

A

Thin walls (1) gals between cells in the wall (1) high permeability for diffusion across the wall (1)

48
Q

Explain the difference in elastic Fibre content between arteries and veins (2 marks)

A

Arteries are under high blood pressure (1) elastic Fibres stretch when pressure is high and recoil as pressure falls (1)

49
Q

State the differences between blood plasma and tissue fluid (3 marks)

A

Tissue fluid has no large plasma proteins (1) tissue fluid has lower concentrations of solutes (1) blood plasma is contained within capillaries (1)

50
Q

Explain the differences in composition of tissue fluid and lymph (4 marks)

A

Lymph has less O2 and nutrients on average (1) because these particles are taken up by cells prior to fluid draining into the lymphatic system (1) lymph has more leucocytes particularly T lymphocytes (1) which are added to the lymphatic system once they mature in the thymus

Biology Year 12 (8 decks)

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