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Cell Division Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

division of cell nucleus

A

mitosis

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2
Q

division of the cell cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

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3
Q

genetic information is passed from one generation to
the next generation through chromosomes
- before cell division, each chromosome is duplicated

A

chromosomes

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4
Q

long thin strands made up of DNA & protein
- protein helps DNA stay together when chromosomes
form

A

chromatin

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5
Q

long thin strands made up of DNA & protein
- protein helps DNA stay together when chromosomes
form

A

chromatin

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6
Q

series of events that cells go through as they grow & divide
- cell grows -> prepares for division -> divides itself to
form 2 daughter cells each of which begins the cycle
again

A

Cell Cycle

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7
Q

period of growth
- occurs between cell divisions
- cell spends most of its life in this phase
- g1 -> s -> g2

A

Interphase

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8
Q

cell grows bigger
- synthesizes new proteins & organelles (develops)

A

G1 phase (gap 1 phase, growth 1 phase)

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9
Q

chromosomes are duplicated
- DNA synthesis takes place

A

S phase (synthesis phase)

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10
Q

organelles and molecules required for cell division are
produced
- once complete, cell is ready for M phase (Mitosis)

A

G2 phase (gap 2 phase, growth 2 phase)

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11
Q

process of nuclear division
- producing two genetically identical daughter cells with
the same number of chromosomes as their parent cell
- responsible in increase in weight & height
- responsible for healing of a wound
- occurs in body/somatic cells
- 4 phases (P, M, A, T)

A

MITOSIS

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12
Q

Stages of mitosis

A

prophase -> metaphase -> anaphase -> telophase

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13
Q

centrosome shifts to opposite poles
- nuclear membrane & nucleolus breakdown
- chromatins change until they become double-stranded
-> chromatids
- chromatids are connected by centromere
- spindle fibers become well developed

A

Prophase

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14
Q

chromatids align themselves at equator of cell, faces
opposite pole
- centromeres of chromosomes line up in the middle ->
equatorial plate
- chromatids are attached to the spindle by a structure
in the centromere called kinetochore

A

Metaphase

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15
Q

forces from the poles pull chromatids to move
- centromere spits & separate chromatids into new,
single-stranded chromosomes
- chromosomes migrate towards their respective poles

A

Anaphase

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16
Q

final stage of mitosis
- chromosomes reach opposite poles
- chromosomes uncoil
- nucleolus & nucleus membrane begin to reform
- cytoplasm divides & a new plasma membrane begin to
reform
- cytoplasm divides & a plasma membrane partitions
itself to 2
- the formation of the new plasma membrane
completely divides the cell into 2 identical daughter
cells

A

Telophase

17
Q

nucleus divides

A

karyokinesis

18
Q

cytoplasm divides

A

cytokinesis

19
Q

whole proces duration

A

5-10 minutes (for some animal
embryos) + 20 minutes dividing bacterium

20
Q

form of cell division
- leads to production of gametes

A

MEIOSIS

21
Q

egg & sperm cells that contain half the number of
chromosomes of an adult body cell
- adult body cells/somatic cells are diploid (containing 2
set of chromosomes)
- gametes are haploid (containing only 1 set of
chromosomes)

A

Gametes

22
Q

includes fusion of gametes (fertilization) to produce a
diploid zygote
- life cycles of sexually reproducing organisms involve
the alternation of haploid & diploid

A

sexual reproduction

23
Q

include 2 rounds of division meiosis I and meiosis II
* meiosis I
- homologous chromosomes become closely associated
with each other -> synapsis
* crossing over
- genetic recombination between non-sister chromatids
- chiasmata (sites of crossing over)
* homologues are separated in anaphase Iinvolves 2 successive cell divisions with no replication of
genetic material between them
- results in a reduction of chromosome number from
diploid to haploid

A

Features of Meiosis

24
Q

chromosomes began to condense
- spindle of microtubules begin to form
- DNA has been replicated
- each chromosome consist of 2 sister chromatids
attached at the centromere
- homologous chromosomes pair up & become closely
associated during synapsis
- crossing over occurs, forming chiasmata which hold
homologous chromosomes together

A
  • Prophase I
25
Q

pairs of homologous chromosomes align along the
metaphase plate
- when microtubules from opposite poles attach to
sister kinetochores of each homologue, chiasmata help
keep the pairs together & produces tension
- a kinetochore microtubule from one pole of cell
attaches to one homologue of a chromosome while a
kinetochore microtubule from the other cell pole
attaches to the other homologue of a pair

A

Metaphase I

26
Q

kinetochore microtubules shorten & homologous pairs
are pulled apart
- a duplicated homologue goes to one pole of the cell,
while the other pole
- sister chromatids do not separate
- (in contrast to mitosis) kinetochore microtubules from
opposite poles of the cell attach to opposite sides of
one homologue’s centromere and sister chromatids
are pulled apart

A

Anaphase I

27
Q

the separated homologues form a cluster at each pole
of the cell
- nuclear envelope reforms around each daughter cell
nucleus
- cytokinesis may occur
- resulting 2 cells have half the number of chromosomes
as the original cell
- each chromosome is still in the duplicated state &
consists of 2 sister chromatids, but sister chromatids
are not identical because crossing over has occured

A

Telophase I

28
Q

resembles Mitosis

A

Meiosis II

29
Q

nuclear envelopes dissolve & spindle
apparatus forms

A

Prophase II,

30
Q

chromosomes align on metaphase plate

A

Metaphase II

31
Q

sister chromatids are separated

A

Anaphase II

32
Q

nuclear envelope reforms & cytokenisis

A

Telophase II

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